Annotations: 4I1F

Domain Annotation: ECOD Classification ECOD Database Homepage

Chains	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Architecture	Possible Homology	Homology	Topology	Family	Provenance Source (Version)
A	KOG0006_1st	e4i1fA1	A: few secondary structure elements	X: RING/U-box-like	H: RING/U-box-like	T: RING/U-box	F: KOG0006_1st	ECOD (1.6)
A	KOG0006_2nd	e4i1fA3	A: few secondary structure elements	X: RING/U-box-like	H: RING/U-box-like	T: RING/U-box	F: KOG0006_2nd	ECOD (1.6)
A	IBR_2	e4i1fA2	A: few secondary structure elements	X: RING/U-box-like	H: RING/U-box-like	T: Ariadne-1 protein homolog	F: IBR_2	ECOD (1.6)
A	IBR_3	e4i1fA4	A: few secondary structure elements	X: RING/U-box-like	H: RING/U-box-like	T: IBR domain	F: IBR_3	ECOD (1.6)

Protein Family Annotation Pfam Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Description	Comments	Source
A	PF22605	IBR domain (IBR_2)	IBR domain	This entry represents an IBR domain which is found to occur between pairs of ring fingers.	Domain
A	PF17978	RING/Ubox like zinc-binding domain (zf-RING_14)	RING/Ubox like zinc-binding domain	This is a RING zinc finger domain found in parkin proteins. Parkin consists of a ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain and a 60-amino acid linker followed by RING0 and three additional zinc finger domains characteristic of the RBR family. This entry relates to ...	This is a RING zinc finger domain found in parkin proteins. Parkin consists of a ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain and a 60-amino acid linker followed by RING0 and three additional zinc finger domains characteristic of the RBR family. This entry relates to RING1 zinc binding domain. The RING1 domain displays the C3HC4 cross-brace motif characteristic of RING domains. The N-terminal Ubl domain binds to RING1 [3].	Domain
A	PF17976	RING/Ubox like zinc-binding domain (zf-RING_12)	RING/Ubox like zinc-binding domain	This is a RING zinc finger domain found in parkin proteins. Parkin consists of a ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain and a 60-amino acid linker followed by this domain RING0 and three additional zinc finger domains characteristic of the RBR family. RING0 bin ...	This is a RING zinc finger domain found in parkin proteins. Parkin consists of a ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain and a 60-amino acid linker followed by this domain RING0 and three additional zinc finger domains characteristic of the RBR family. RING0 binds two coordinated zinc atoms at each extremity of the domain with a hairpin. Deletion of RING0 massively derepressed parkin activity supporting the role of RING0 in autoinhibition, point mutations in RING0 (Phe146 to Ala) or RING2 (Phe463 to Ala) both increased parkin activity. The REP (repressor element of parkin) and RING0 domains play a preeminent role in repressing parkin ligase activity through their interactions with RING1 and RING2, respectively [3].	Domain

Gene Ontology: Gene Product Annotation Gene Ontology Database Homepage

Chains	Polymer	Molecular Function	Biological Process	Cellular Component
A	E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase parkin	histone deacetylase binding protein binding binding enzyme binding heat shock protein binding protein-folding chaperone binding SH3 domain binding protein domain specific binding protein-containing complex binding ubiquitin protein ligase binding ubiquitin-like protein ligase binding cullin family protein binding PDZ domain binding ubiquitin binding histone deacetylase binding protein binding binding enzyme binding heat shock protein binding protein-folding chaperone binding SH3 domain binding protein domain specific binding protein-containing complex binding ubiquitin protein ligase binding ubiquitin-like protein ligase binding cullin family protein binding PDZ domain binding ubiquitin binding ubiquitin-like protein binding transcription corepressor activity transcription regulator activity transcription coregulator activity protein-macromolecule adaptor activity molecular adaptor activity ubiquitin-like protein conjugating enzyme binding ubiquitin conjugating enzyme binding kinase binding protein kinase binding aminoacyltransferase activity ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity catalytic activity, acting on a protein acyltransferase activity transferase activity catalytic activity ubiquitin-protein transferase activity beta-catenin binding signaling receptor binding G protein-coupled receptor binding F-box domain binding ubiquitin-like protein ligase activity ubiquitin protein ligase activity ubiquitin-specific protease binding protease binding identical protein binding phospholipase binding cytoskeletal protein binding tubulin binding Hsp70 protein binding actin binding cation binding transition metal ion binding zinc ion binding ion binding metal ion binding small molecule binding	cellular response to stimulus regulation of biological process regulation of signaling regulation of cellular process cell surface receptor signaling pathway response to stimulus regulation of Wnt signaling pathway signaling regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway canonical Wnt signaling pathway biological regulation regulation of signal transduction cell communication regulation of response to stimulus cellular response to stimulus regulation of biological process regulation of signaling regulation of cellular process cell surface receptor signaling pathway response to stimulus regulation of Wnt signaling pathway signaling regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway canonical Wnt signaling pathway biological regulation regulation of signal transduction cell communication regulation of response to stimulus regulation of cell communication cellular process signal transduction Wnt signaling pathway positive regulation of cell communication positive regulation of signal transduction positive regulation of biological process response to cytokine positive regulation of response to cytokine stimulus cytokine-mediated signaling pathway positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway positive regulation of response to stimulus cellular response to tumor necrosis factor tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway cellular response to cytokine stimulus positive regulation of cellular process regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway regulation of cytokine-mediated signaling pathway response to peptide regulation of response to cytokine stimulus response to chemical response to tumor necrosis factor positive regulation of cytokine-mediated signaling pathway positive regulation of signaling regulation of protein stability regulation of biological quality protein stabilization import into cell regulation of localization positive regulation of neurotransmitter transport transport regulation of transport regulation of neurotransmitter transport neurotransmitter transport establishment of localization localization positive regulation of transport positive regulation of neurotransmitter uptake neurotransmitter uptake regulation of neurotransmitter uptake regulation of amine metabolic process organic hydroxy compound metabolic process dopamine metabolic process primary metabolic process catechol-containing compound metabolic process regulation of primary metabolic process amine metabolic process catecholamine metabolic process phenol-containing compound metabolic process metabolic process regulation of catecholamine metabolic process regulation of metabolic process biogenic amine metabolic process regulation of dopamine metabolic process negative regulation of signaling negative regulation of intracellular signal transduction negative regulation of biological process regulation of programmed cell death regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway intracellular signal transduction negative regulation of cell communication regulation of intracellular signal transduction negative regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway regulation of signal transduction by p53 class mediator negative regulation of cellular process intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway negative regulation of signal transduction by p53 class mediator negative regulation of response to stimulus negative regulation of programmed cell death regulation of apoptotic process signal transduction by p53 class mediator cell death negative regulation of signal transduction apoptotic signaling pathway negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway negative regulation of apoptotic process negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator apoptotic process regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator programmed cell death regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway regulation of protein modification process regulation of protein phosphorylation negative regulation of phosphate metabolic process regulation of phosphate metabolic process phosphate-containing compound metabolic process negative regulation of protein modification process protein metabolic process protein modification process phosphorus metabolic process negative regulation of protein metabolic process negative regulation of macromolecule metabolic process protein phosphorylation phosphorylation regulation of protein metabolic process negative regulation of metabolic process regulation of macromolecule metabolic process negative regulation of protein phosphorylation macromolecule modification negative regulation of phosphorus metabolic process regulation of phosphorylation regulation of phosphorus metabolic process macromolecule metabolic process negative regulation of phosphorylation protein autoubiquitination protein ubiquitination post-translational protein modification protein modification by small protein conjugation protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal positive regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process catabolic process positive regulation of protein metabolic process proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process macromolecule catabolic process regulation of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process positive regulation of metabolic process positive regulation of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process regulation of proteolysis regulation of proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process modification-dependent macromolecule catabolic process proteolysis positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process proteasomal protein catabolic process protein catabolic process regulation of catabolic process positive regulation of protein catabolic process positive regulation of proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process positive regulation of catabolic process regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process modification-dependent protein catabolic process positive regulation of proteolysis regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process regulation of protein catabolic process cellular localization regulation of cellular component organization synaptic vesicle cycle regulation of synaptic vesicle recycling vesicle-mediated transport presynaptic endocytosis vesicle-mediated transport in synapse cellular component organization synaptic vesicle recycling regulation of synaptic vesicle endocytosis establishment of localization in cell cellular component organization or biogenesis regulation of endocytosis synaptic vesicle endocytosis regulation of vesicle-mediated transport endocytosis response to oxidative stress cellular response to chemical stimulus cellular response to stress response to stress cellular response to oxidative stress cellular response to chemical stress protein localization establishment of protein localization regulation of protein localization protein targeting regulation of protein targeting to mitochondrion cellular macromolecule localization regulation of establishment of protein localization regulation of establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion establishment of protein localization to organelle regulation of protein targeting regulation of cellular localization macromolecule localization protein localization to organelle protein localization to mitochondrion protein targeting to mitochondrion establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion protein K6-linked ubiquitination protein polyubiquitination positive regulation of organelle organization positive regulation of cellular component organization regulation of developmental process positive regulation of developmental process anatomical structure development regulation of mitochondrial fusion mitochondrial fusion regulation of anatomical structure morphogenesis positive regulation of mitochondrial fusion mitochondrion organization developmental process regulation of organelle organization organelle fusion anatomical structure morphogenesis organelle organization regulation of mitochondrion organization startle response multicellular organismal process system process nervous system process neuromuscular process response to external stimulus reactive oxygen species metabolic process negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process protein K48-linked ubiquitination cellular response to toxic substance response to toxic substance necroptotic process programmed necrotic cell death regulation of necroptotic process regulation of programmed necrotic cell death protein deubiquitination protein modification by small protein removal cellular component biogenesis cellular component assembly aggresome assembly inclusion body assembly cellular response to topologically incorrect protein response to topologically incorrect protein cellular response to unfolded protein response to unfolded protein RNA metabolic process negative regulation of RNA biosynthetic process RNA biosynthetic process nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process DNA-templated transcription nucleic acid biosynthetic process regulation of RNA metabolic process transcription by RNA polymerase II negative regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process regulation of RNA biosynthetic process regulation of biosynthetic process regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II nucleobase-containing compound biosynthetic process gene expression macromolecule biosynthetic process nucleic acid metabolic process regulation of gene expression biosynthetic process negative regulation of biosynthetic process negative regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process regulation of DNA-templated transcription negative regulation of RNA metabolic process regulation of protein binding positive regulation of molecular function regulation of molecular function positive regulation of protein binding regulation of binding positive regulation of binding cellular response to nitrogen compound response to dopamine cellular response to dopamine response to monoamine cellular response to organic cyclic compound response to oxygen-containing compound response to nitrogen compound cellular response to oxygen-containing compound response to catecholamine cellular response to monoamine stimulus cellular response to catecholamine stimulus response to organic cyclic compound cellular homeostasis neuron cellular homeostasis homeostatic process response to endoplasmic reticulum stress regulation of growth developmental growth cell projection organization neuron projection development regulation of cell morphogenesis multicellular organism development cell projection morphogenesis neuron differentiation neuron projection morphogenesis cell differentiation positive regulation of developmental growth system development nervous system development developmental growth involved in morphogenesis generation of neurons positive regulation of dendrite extension cellular developmental process plasma membrane bounded cell projection morphogenesis cell development cell growth cell morphogenesis neurogenesis dendrite extension neuron projection extension regulation of developmental growth plasma membrane bounded cell projection organization developmental cell growth growth regulation of dendrite extension positive regulation of cell growth regulation of cell growth positive regulation of growth neuron development regulation protein catabolic process at synapse regulation protein catabolic process at presynapse positive regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction intracellular signaling cassette positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction negative regulation by host of viral genome replication biological process involved in interspecies interaction between organisms modulation by host of symbiont process viral life cycle negative regulation by host of viral process modulation by host of viral genome replication biological process involved in symbiotic interaction modulation by host of viral process viral genome replication viral process biological process involved in interaction with symbiont regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential regulation of membrane potential supramolecular fiber organization amyloid fibril formation regulation of cellular response to stress regulation of cellular response to oxidative stress regulation of response to stress regulation of response to oxidative stress monoamine transport nitrogen compound transport regulation of catecholamine secretion organic hydroxy compound transport dopamine transport secretion by cell regulation of secretion by cell catecholamine transport signal release secretion export from cell cell-cell signaling dopamine secretion regulation of secretion catecholamine secretion amine transport regulation of amine transport regulation of dopamine secretion regulation of response to endoplasmic reticulum stress negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway negative regulation of response to endoplasmic reticulum stress exosomal secretion establishment of organelle localization negative regulation of transport negative regulation of secretion negative regulation of exocytosis negative regulation of exosomal secretion organelle localization negative regulation of secretion by cell vesicle localization regulation of exosomal secretion establishment of vesicle localization extracellular exosome biogenesis exocytosis extracellular vesicle biogenesis regulation of exocytosis cellular response to metal ion response to metal ion cellular response to manganese ion response to manganese ion negative regulation of protein transport negative regulation of hormone secretion regulation of peptide hormone secretion negative regulation of peptide hormone secretion regulation of hormone levels establishment of protein localization to extracellular region negative regulation of establishment of protein localization protein secretion regulation of protein secretion negative regulation of protein secretion regulation of hormone secretion regulation of peptide secretion hormone secretion protein localization to extracellular region negative regulation of peptide secretion peptide secretion amide transport negative regulation of protein localization regulation of peptide transport regulation of protein transport peptide transport negative regulation of insulin secretion protein transport regulation of insulin secretion peptide hormone secretion hormone transport insulin secretion vesicle budding from membrane vesicle organization regulation of endosome organization endosome organization endomembrane system organization membrane organization negative regulation of cellular component organization negative regulation of intralumenal vesicle formation intralumenal vesicle formation negative regulation of organelle organization negative regulation of endosome organization regulation of intralumenal vesicle formation macroautophagy autophagy process utilizing autophagic mechanism autophagy of mitochondrion protein K63-linked ubiquitination norepinephrine metabolic process organelle fission mitochondrial fission regulation of mitochondrial fission positive regulation of mitochondrial fission protein K11-linked ubiquitination regulation of post-translational protein modification regulation of protein ubiquitination regulation of protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal positive regulation of protein linear polyubiquitination positive regulation of post-translational protein modification positive regulation of protein modification process positive regulation of protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal regulation of protein linear polyubiquitination positive regulation of protein ubiquitination regulation of protein polyubiquitination positive regulation of protein polyubiquitination protein linear polyubiquitination negative regulation of gene expression monosaccharide metabolic process carbohydrate metabolic process hexose metabolic process regulation of small molecule metabolic process small molecule metabolic process regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process regulation of glucose metabolic process glucose metabolic process regulation of DNA binding positive regulation of DNA binding behavior learning learning or memory cognition central nervous system development protein destabilization ERAD pathway protein K27-linked ubiquitination regulation of cytoskeleton organization regulation of actin filament-based process regulation of actin filament bundle assembly actin filament bundle organization actin filament-based process negative regulation of supramolecular fiber organization regulation of actin filament organization actin cytoskeleton organization negative regulation of cytoskeleton organization actin filament organization negative regulation of actin filament bundle assembly regulation of cellular component biogenesis actin filament bundle assembly regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization regulation of supramolecular fiber organization cytoskeleton organization negative regulation of mitochondrial fusion negative regulation of developmental process intracellular transport mitochondrion to lysosome vesicle-mediated transport lysosomal transport mitochondrion-derived vesicle mediated transport vacuolar transport mitochondrial transport positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process positive regulation of gene expression positive regulation of biosynthetic process negative regulation of Wnt signaling pathway negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway protein polymerization protein-containing complex organization free ubiquitin chain polymerization protein-containing complex assembly ubiquitin recycling modulation of chemical synaptic transmission negative regulation of neurotransmitter transport regulation of spontaneous neurotransmitter secretion negative regulation of spontaneous neurotransmitter secretion synaptic signaling spontaneous synaptic transmission regulation of spontaneous synaptic transmission trans-synaptic signaling negative regulation of neurotransmitter secretion neurotransmitter secretion chemical synaptic transmission spontaneous neurotransmitter secretion signal release from synapse regulation of trans-synaptic signaling regulation of neurotransmitter secretion anterograde trans-synaptic signaling positive regulation of protein localization to membrane localization within membrane protein localization to membrane positive regulation of protein localization regulation of protein localization to membrane regulation of synaptic vesicle transport synaptic vesicle localization synaptic vesicle transport apoptotic mitochondrial changes regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria negative regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria release of cytochrome c from mitochondria intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to oxidative stress neuron apoptotic process regulation of oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process regulation of oxidative stress-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway negative regulation of oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to oxidative stress negative regulation of oxidative stress-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway regulation of neuron apoptotic process protein monoubiquitination mitophagy type 2 mitophagy positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription positive regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II positive regulation of RNA metabolic process positive regulation of RNA biosynthetic process regulation of catalytic activity negative regulation of oxidoreductase activity negative regulation of molecular function negative regulation of catalytic activity regulation of oxidoreductase activity negative regulation of primary amine oxidase activity adult locomotory behavior adult behavior locomotory behavior protein K29-linked ubiquitination neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway lipid localization regulation of lipid transport lipid transport regulation of lipid localization negative regulation of JNK cascade JNK cascade regulation of JNK cascade regulation of MAPK cascade MAPK cascade negative regulation of MAPK cascade retrograde transport, endosome to Golgi regulation of retrograde transport, endosome to Golgi positive regulation of intracellular transport regulation of intracellular transport endosomal transport positive regulation of retrograde transport, endosome to Golgi cytosolic transport regulation of autophagy positive regulation of autophagy of mitochondrion regulation of autophagy of mitochondrion positive regulation of macroautophagy positive regulation of autophagy positive regulation of mitophagy regulation of mitophagy regulation of macroautophagy catecholamine uptake dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission neurotransmitter reuptake catecholamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission synaptic transmission, dopaminergic dopamine uptake negative regulation of glucokinase activity regulation of transferase activity negative regulation of hexokinase activity negative regulation of kinase activity negative regulation of transferase activity regulation of glucokinase activity negative regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process regulation of kinase activity regulation of hexokinase activity synaptic transmission, glutamatergic	membrane-bounded organelle intracellular anatomical structure nucleus membrane-enclosed lumen intracellular membrane-bounded organelle intracellular organelle lumen nuclear speck nuclear body intracellular organelle cellular anatomical structure nucleoplasm organelle lumen organelle nuclear lumen membrane-bounded organelle intracellular anatomical structure nucleus membrane-enclosed lumen intracellular membrane-bounded organelle intracellular organelle lumen nuclear speck nuclear body intracellular organelle cellular anatomical structure nucleoplasm organelle lumen organelle nuclear lumen cytoplasm cytosol protein-containing complex ubiquitin ligase complex catalytic complex Parkin-FBXW7-Cul1 ubiquitin ligase complex transferase complex intracellular protein-containing complex inclusion body Lewy body synapse cell junction dopaminergic synapse cell projection neuron projection plasma membrane bounded cell projection Golgi apparatus endomembrane system perinuclear region of cytoplasm mitochondrial membrane mitochondrion membrane organelle outer membrane organelle envelope bounding membrane of organelle mitochondrial envelope mitochondrial outer membrane outer membrane organelle membrane presynapse aggresome postsynaptic density postsynapse neuron to neuron synapse postsynaptic specialization asymmetric synapse endoplasmic reticulum

InterPro: Protein Family Classification InterPro Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Type
A	IPR002867	IBR domain	Domain
A	IPR044066	TRIAD supradomain	Domain
A	IPR047535	E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase parkin, RING finger, HC subclass	Domain
A	IPR029071	Ubiquitin-like domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
A	IPR041170	RING/Ubox-like zinc-binding domain	Domain
A	IPR003977	E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase parkin	Family
A	IPR047534	E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase parkin, BRcat domain	Domain
A	IPR047536	E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase parkin, Rcat domain	Domain
A	IPR041565	Parkin, RING/Ubox like zinc-binding domain	Domain
A	IPR000626	Ubiquitin-like domain	Domain
A	IPR031127	E3 ubiquitin ligase RBR family	Family
A	IPR054694	E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase parkin-like, IBR domain	Domain

Pharos: Disease Associations Pharos Homepage Annotation

Chains	Drug Target	Associated Disease
A	Pharos: O60260	Parkinson disease glioblastoma autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinson disease 2 ovarian cancer malignant colon neoplasm manganese poisoning Nerve Degeneration secondary Parkinson disease lung cancer leprosy giant cell glioblastoma late-onset Parkinson disease lung benign neoplasm autism ovarian cyst Parkinson disease glioblastoma autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinson disease 2 ovarian cancer malignant colon neoplasm manganese poisoning Nerve Degeneration secondary Parkinson disease lung cancer leprosy giant cell glioblastoma late-onset Parkinson disease lung benign neoplasm autism ovarian cyst benign colon neoplasm post-traumatic stress disorder corpus luteum cyst endometriosis learning disability neurodegenerative disease parkinsonian disorder breast-ovarian cancer, familial, susceptibility to, 1 psoriasis dementia tremor, hereditary essential, 1 intervertebral disc degenerative disorder metabolic syndrome X ovarian neoplasm colonic neoplasm vesicoureteral reflux

RCSB PDB Core Operations are funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (DBI-2321666), the US Department of Energy (DE-SC0019749), and the National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant R01GM157729.