Annotations: 7KFZ

Domain Annotation: SCOP2 Classification SCOP2 Database Homepage

Chains	Type	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Family Identifier	Provenance Source (Version)
A	SCOP2B Superfamily	Ras-like P-loop GTPases	8060856	3002022	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
C	SCOP2B Superfamily	Ras-like P-loop GTPases	8060856	3002022	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
B	SCOP2B Superfamily	Ras GEF	8057967	3000128	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
B	SCOP2B Superfamily	ENTH/VHS domain-like	8057961	3000164	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)

Domain Annotation: ECOD Classification ECOD Database Homepage

Chains	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Architecture	Possible Homology	Homology	Topology	Family	Provenance Source (Version)
A	Ras	e7kfzA1	A: a/b three-layered sandwiches	X: P-loop domains-like	H: P-loop domains-related	T: P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases	F: Ras	ECOD (1.6)
C	Ras	e7kfzC1	A: a/b three-layered sandwiches	X: P-loop domains-like	H: P-loop domains-related	T: P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases	F: Ras	ECOD (1.6)
B	RasGEF	e7kfzB1	A: alpha superhelices	X: Repetitive alpha hairpins	H: Ras GEF (From Topology)	T: Ras GEF	F: RasGEF	ECOD (1.6)

Domain Annotation: CATH CATH Database Homepage

Chain	Domain	Class	Architecture	Topology	Homology	Provenance Source (Version)
A	3.40.50.300	Alpha Beta	3-Layer(aba) Sandwich	Rossmann fold	P-loop containing nucleotide triphosphate hydrolases	CATH (utative)
C	3.40.50.300	Alpha Beta	3-Layer(aba) Sandwich	Rossmann fold	P-loop containing nucleotide triphosphate hydrolases	CATH (utative)

Protein Family Annotation Pfam Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Description	Comments	Source
A, C	PF00071	Ras family (Ras)	Ras family	Includes sub-families Ras, Rab, Rac, Ral, Ran, Rap Ypt1 and more. Shares P-loop motif with GTP_EFTU, arf and myosin_head. See Pfam:PF00009 Pfam:PF00025, Pfam:PF00063. As regards Rab GTPases, these are important regulators of vesicle formation, motili ...	Includes sub-families Ras, Rab, Rac, Ral, Ran, Rap Ypt1 and more. Shares P-loop motif with GTP_EFTU, arf and myosin_head. See Pfam:PF00009 Pfam:PF00025, Pfam:PF00063. As regards Rab GTPases, these are important regulators of vesicle formation, motility and fusion. They share a fold in common with all Ras GTPases: this is a six-stranded beta-sheet surrounded by five alpha-helices [1].	Domain
B	PF00617	RasGEF domain (RasGEF)	RasGEF domain	-	Family
B	PF00618	RasGEF N-terminal motif (RasGEF_N)	RasGEF N-terminal motif	A subset of guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Ras-like small GTPases appear to possess this motif/domain N-terminal to the RasGef (Cdc25-like) domain.	Domain

Gene Ontology: Gene Product Annotation Gene Ontology Database Homepage

Chains	Polymer	Molecular Function	Biological Process	Cellular Component
A, C	GTPase KRas	binding guanyl nucleotide binding GTP binding nucleotide binding guanyl ribonucleotide binding purine ribonucleotide binding purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding nucleoside phosphate binding ion binding purine nucleotide binding anion binding heterocyclic compound binding carbohydrate derivative binding ribonucleotide binding binding guanyl nucleotide binding GTP binding nucleotide binding guanyl ribonucleotide binding purine ribonucleotide binding purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding nucleoside phosphate binding ion binding purine nucleotide binding anion binding heterocyclic compound binding carbohydrate derivative binding ribonucleotide binding small molecule binding GDP binding protein-membrane adaptor activity protein-macromolecule adaptor activity molecular adaptor activity protein-containing complex binding pyrophosphatase activity GTPase activity G protein activity ribonucleoside triphosphate phosphatase activity molecular function regulator activity hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, in phosphorus-containing anhydrides hydrolase activity hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides catalytic activity identical protein binding protein binding	cellular response to stimulus positive regulation of cell communication small GTPase-mediated signal transduction regulation of cellular process positive regulation of signal transduction response to stimulus signaling regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction positive regulation of biological process regulation of signal transduction intracellular signal transduction cell communication positive regulation of response to stimulus regulation of intracellular signal transduction intracellular signaling cassette cellular response to stimulus positive regulation of cell communication small GTPase-mediated signal transduction regulation of cellular process positive regulation of signal transduction response to stimulus signaling regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction positive regulation of biological process regulation of signal transduction intracellular signal transduction cell communication positive regulation of response to stimulus regulation of intracellular signal transduction intracellular signaling cassette signal transduction positive regulation of cellular process regulation of biological process regulation of signaling Rac protein signal transduction biological regulation positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction regulation of Rac protein signal transduction positive regulation of Rac protein signal transduction regulation of response to stimulus regulation of cell communication cellular process positive regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction positive regulation of signaling multicellular organismal process cellular developmental process astrocyte differentiation forebrain development cell development glial cell development multicellular organism development neurogenesis astrocyte development gliogenesis cell differentiation anatomical structure development system development developmental process head development forebrain astrocyte development animal organ development brain development nervous system development central nervous system development glial cell differentiation forebrain astrocyte differentiation multicellular organismal-level homeostasis homeostatic process homeostasis of number of cells within a tissue anatomical structure homeostasis tissue homeostasis homeostasis of number of cells epithelium development tube development respiratory tube development lung epithelium development type I pneumocyte differentiation tissue development epithelial cell differentiation lung epithelial cell differentiation lung cell differentiation lung development respiratory system development trans-synaptic signaling synaptic transmission, GABAergic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission cell-cell signaling chemical synaptic transmission synaptic signaling regulation of trans-synaptic signaling anterograde trans-synaptic signaling regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic regulation of biosynthetic process regulation of macromolecule metabolic process gene expression macromolecule biosynthetic process positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process regulation of gene expression positive regulation of metabolic process biosynthetic process positive regulation of gene expression positive regulation of biosynthetic process regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process metabolic process positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process macromolecule metabolic process regulation of metabolic process branching morphogenesis of an epithelial tube tube morphogenesis lung morphogenesis animal organ morphogenesis epithelial tube morphogenesis morphogenesis of an epithelium tissue morphogenesis anatomical structure morphogenesis morphogenesis of a branching structure epithelial tube branching involved in lung morphogenesis morphogenesis of a branching epithelium regulation of developmental process negative regulation of biological process regulation of cell differentiation regulation of epithelial cell differentiation negative regulation of cellular process regulation of multicellular organismal process negative regulation of cell differentiation regulation of multicellular organismal development negative regulation of epithelial cell differentiation negative regulation of developmental process cellular component organization organelle organization actin cytoskeleton organization actin filament-based process cellular component organization or biogenesis cytoskeleton organization skeletal muscle cell differentiation skeletal muscle tissue development striated muscle tissue development muscle structure development skeletal muscle organ development muscle tissue development muscle organ development response to light stimulus system process learning learning or memory nervous system process visual learning visual behavior cognition associative learning behavior response to radiation response to abiotic stimulus neuron apoptotic process negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process negative regulation of programmed cell death regulation of apoptotic process regulation of programmed cell death cell death negative regulation of apoptotic process apoptotic process programmed cell death regulation of neuron apoptotic process MAPK cascade Ras protein signal transduction regulation of neuronal synaptic plasticity regulation of synaptic plasticity regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity regulation of biological quality positive regulation of phosphorylation regulation of protein modification process regulation of protein phosphorylation positive regulation of protein metabolic process positive regulation of phosphate metabolic process regulation of primary metabolic process positive regulation of protein modification process regulation of phosphate metabolic process phosphate-containing compound metabolic process protein metabolic process positive regulation of protein phosphorylation phosphorus metabolic process protein modification process protein phosphorylation positive regulation of phosphorus metabolic process phosphorylation regulation of protein metabolic process primary metabolic process macromolecule modification regulation of phosphorus metabolic process regulation of phosphorylation striated muscle cell differentiation muscle cell differentiation positive regulation of nervous system development positive regulation of cell population proliferation regulation of neurogenesis regulation of gliogenesis positive regulation of glial cell proliferation positive regulation of gliogenesis regulation of cell development regulation of nervous system development positive regulation of developmental process regulation of glial cell proliferation positive regulation of cell differentiation positive regulation of neurogenesis cell population proliferation positive regulation of cell development regulation of cell population proliferation positive regulation of multicellular organismal process glial cell proliferation	cellular anatomical structure anchoring junction cell junction focal adhesion cell-substrate junction membrane intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm cytosol cell periphery plasma membrane membrane-bounded organelle organelle subcompartment intracellular membrane-bounded organelle cellular anatomical structure anchoring junction cell junction focal adhesion cell-substrate junction membrane intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm cytosol cell periphery plasma membrane membrane-bounded organelle organelle subcompartment intracellular membrane-bounded organelle endomembrane system endoplasmic reticulum subcompartment intracellular organelle organelle nuclear outer membrane-endoplasmic reticulum membrane network endoplasmic reticulum organelle membrane endoplasmic reticulum membrane Golgi membrane Golgi apparatus bounding membrane of organelle mitochondrial membrane mitochondrion organelle outer membrane organelle envelope mitochondrial envelope mitochondrial outer membrane outer membrane cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane cytoplasmic side of membrane side of membrane
B	Son of sevenless homolog 1	pyrophosphatase activity enzyme regulator activity GTPase activity molecular function activator activity nucleoside-triphosphatase regulator activity hydrolase activity GTPase regulator activity enzyme activator activity ribonucleoside triphosphate phosphatase activity GTPase activator activity hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, in phosphorus-containing anhydrides molecular function regulator activity hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides catalytic activity pyrophosphatase activity enzyme regulator activity GTPase activity molecular function activator activity nucleoside-triphosphatase regulator activity hydrolase activity GTPase regulator activity enzyme activator activity ribonucleoside triphosphate phosphatase activity GTPase activator activity hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, in phosphorus-containing anhydrides molecular function regulator activity hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides catalytic activity SH3 domain binding protein binding binding protein domain specific binding protein heterodimerization activity protein dimerization activity molecular condensate scaffold activity protein-macromolecule adaptor activity molecular adaptor activity kinase binding enzyme binding protein kinase binding guanyl nucleotide binding GTP binding nucleotide binding guanyl ribonucleotide binding GDP binding purine ribonucleotide binding ion binding anion binding heterocyclic compound binding carbohydrate derivative binding ribonucleotide binding purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity nucleoside phosphate binding purine nucleotide binding small molecule binding epidermal growth factor receptor binding signaling receptor binding growth factor receptor binding	cellular response to stimulus regulation of biological process regulation of cellular process cell surface receptor signaling pathway response to stimulus signaling biological regulation response to cytokine cytokine-mediated signaling pathway cell communication response to peptide response to chemical cellular process cellular response to cytokine stimulus cellular response to stimulus regulation of biological process regulation of cellular process cell surface receptor signaling pathway response to stimulus signaling biological regulation response to cytokine cytokine-mediated signaling pathway cell communication response to peptide response to chemical cellular process cellular response to cytokine stimulus signal transduction multicellular organismal process regulation of leukocyte activation regulation of cell activation lymphocyte activation leukocyte proliferation leukocyte activation T cell activation lymphocyte proliferation regulation of immune system process regulation of multicellular organismal process T cell proliferation regulation of lymphocyte proliferation regulation of leukocyte proliferation cell population proliferation cell activation regulation of T cell activation regulation of T cell proliferation regulation of cell population proliferation mononuclear cell proliferation immune system process regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation regulation of lymphocyte activation response to stress response to ischemia cellular component organization sexual reproduction reproductive process multicellular organismal reproductive process cytoplasm organization cellular component organization or biogenesis female gamete generation vitellogenesis gamete generation B cell homeostasis multicellular organismal-level homeostasis leukocyte homeostasis homeostatic process homeostasis of number of cells lymphocyte homeostasis insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway cell surface receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway enzyme-linked receptor protein signaling pathway positive regulation of cell communication positive regulation of signal transduction positive regulation of biological process regulation of signal transduction positive regulation of response to stimulus positive regulation of ERBB signaling pathway regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of cellular process positive regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway regulation of ERBB signaling pathway regulation of signaling regulation of response to stimulus ERBB signaling pathway regulation of cell communication positive regulation of signaling immune response-regulating cell surface receptor signaling pathway immune response Fc receptor signaling pathway immune response-regulating signaling pathway Fc-epsilon receptor signaling pathway regulation of immune response developmental process head development brain morphogenesis animal organ development brain development nervous system development midbrain morphogenesis multicellular organism development anatomical structure morphogenesis central nervous system development midbrain development anatomical structure development animal organ morphogenesis system development regulation of pro-B cell differentiation regulation of developmental process cellular developmental process hemopoiesis cell development regulation of cell differentiation regulation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation pro-B cell differentiation cell differentiation lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation multicellular organism growth developmental growth growth pericardium morphogenesis heart development epithelium development embryonic morphogenesis morphogenesis of an epithelium embryo development tissue development morphogenesis of an epithelial sheet circulatory system development tissue morphogenesis pericardium development blood vessel morphogenesis tube development vasculature development tube morphogenesis blood vessel development cardiac atrium morphogenesis cardiac chamber morphogenesis heart morphogenesis cardiac atrium development cardiac chamber development immune response-activating signaling pathway positive regulation of immune response positive regulation of immune system process immune response-activating cell surface receptor signaling pathway B cell receptor signaling pathway antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway activation of immune response heart trabecula morphogenesis trabecula morphogenesis peripheral nervous system development glial cell development neurogenesis Schwann cell development gliogenesis glial cell differentiation Schwann cell differentiation epidermis development molting cycle process hair cycle skin development skin epidermis development hair follicle development molting cycle hair cycle process small GTPase-mediated signal transduction Ras protein signal transduction intracellular signal transduction intracellular signaling cassette response to fibroblast growth factor cellular response to growth factor stimulus response to endogenous stimulus cellular response to endogenous stimulus fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway response to growth factor cellular response to fibroblast growth factor stimulus cellular response to nitrogen compound response to peptide hormone insulin receptor signaling pathway response to hormone cellular response to hormone stimulus response to oxygen-containing compound cellular response to peptide hormone stimulus response to nitrogen compound cellular response to oxygen-containing compound cellular response to chemical stimulus response to insulin cellular response to insulin stimulus axonogenesis cell projection organization plasma membrane bounded cell projection morphogenesis neuron projection development cell morphogenesis cell projection morphogenesis neuron differentiation neuron projection morphogenesis plasma membrane bounded cell projection organization axon guidance axon development cell morphogenesis involved in neuron differentiation generation of neurons neuron projection guidance neuron development leukocyte migration cell migration cell motility regulation of leukocyte differentiation regulation of T cell differentiation in thymus mononuclear cell differentiation lymphocyte differentiation regulation of cell development regulation of T cell differentiation T cell differentiation in thymus T cell differentiation regulation of lymphocyte differentiation regulation of multicellular organismal development regulation of hemopoiesis leukocyte differentiation neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway neurotrophin signaling pathway myelination axon ensheathment ensheathment of neurons RNA metabolic process regulation of primary metabolic process nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process RNA biosynthetic process nucleic acid biosynthetic process DNA-templated transcription regulation of RNA metabolic process transcription by RNA polymerase II regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process regulation of RNA biosynthetic process regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II regulation of biosynthetic process primary metabolic process regulation of macromolecule metabolic process nucleobase-containing compound biosynthetic process gene expression macromolecule biosynthetic process nucleic acid metabolic process regulation of gene expression biosynthetic process metabolic process regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process regulation of DNA-templated transcription macromolecule metabolic process regulation of metabolic process eyelid development in camera-type eye sensory organ development eye development visual system development camera-type eye development sensory system development regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction regulation of intracellular signal transduction positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction positive regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction roof of mouth development	cellular anatomical structure intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm cytosol synapse cell junction glutamatergic synapse somatodendritic compartment cell body neuronal cell body cell periphery plasma membrane membrane protein-containing complex cellular anatomical structure intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm cytosol synapse cell junction glutamatergic synapse somatodendritic compartment cell body neuronal cell body cell periphery plasma membrane membrane protein-containing complex catalytic complex GTPase complex postsynaptic density postsynapse neuron to neuron synapse postsynaptic specialization organelle asymmetric synapse

InterPro: Protein Family Classification InterPro Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Type
A, C	IPR027417	P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolase	Homologous Superfamily
A, C	IPR005225	Small GTP-binding domain	Domain
A, C	IPR020849	Small GTPase, Ras-type	Family
A, C	IPR001806	Small GTPase	Family
B	IPR008937	Ras-like guanine nucleotide exchange factor	Family
B	IPR019804	Ras guanine-nucleotide exchange factor, conserved site	Conserved Site
B	IPR000219	Dbl homology domain	Domain
B	IPR036964	Ras guanine-nucleotide exchange factor, catalytic domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
B	IPR035899	Dbl homology (DH) domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
B	IPR023578	Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
B	IPR055251	SOS1/NGEF-like, PH domain	Domain
B	IPR001849	Pleckstrin homology domain	Domain
B	IPR000651	Ras-like guanine nucleotide exchange factor, N-terminal	Domain
B	IPR011993	PH-like domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
B	IPR001895	Ras guanine-nucleotide exchange factors catalytic domain	Domain
B	IPR009072	Histone-fold	Homologous Superfamily

Pharos: Disease Associations Pharos Homepage Annotation

Chains	Drug Target	Associated Disease
A, C	Pharos: P01116	Noonan syndrome juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome acute myeloid leukemia gastric cancer cancer Noonan syndrome 3 cholangiocarcinoma Costello syndrome nasopharyngeal carcinoma subependymal giant cell astrocytoma angiosarcoma urinary bladder cancer astrocytic tumor neuroblastoma Noonan syndrome juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome acute myeloid leukemia gastric cancer cancer Noonan syndrome 3 cholangiocarcinoma Costello syndrome nasopharyngeal carcinoma subependymal giant cell astrocytoma angiosarcoma urinary bladder cancer astrocytic tumor neuroblastoma squamous cell carcinoma cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome 2 adenoma ovarian cancer pilocytic astrocytoma non-small cell lung carcinoma endometriosis exocrine pancreatic carcinoma pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma papillary adenoma liver cancer colorectal cancer uterine cancer myelodysplastic syndrome gastric carcinoma penile neoplasm gemistocytic astrocytoma plasma cell myeloma granular cell carcinoma breast adenocarcinoma nevus, epidermal hereditary diffuse gastric adenocarcinoma carcinoma Splenomegaly adenocarcinoma cecal neoplasm thyroid gland carcinoma anaplastic astrocytoma childhood cerebral astrocytoma autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome lung cancer breast cancer protoplasmic astrocytoma malignant colon neoplasm thyroid adenoma cecum cancer juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma Toriello-Lacassie-Droste syndrome fibrillary astrocytoma gallbladder cancer arteriovenous malformations of the brain autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome type 4 lung adenocarcinoma prostate cancer breast carcinoma lymphoma sarcomatoid carcinoma intellectual disability intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cardiomyopathy juvenile idiopathic arthritis malignant pancreatic neoplasm familial pancreatic carcinoma tubular adenocarcinoma follicular thyroid adenoma anemia microcystic adenoma atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor liver neoplasm congenital anemia uterine disease B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia benign neoplasm of pancreas lung benign neoplasm craniosynostosis lung disease hepatocellular carcinoma breast disease Lynch syndrome digestive system disease encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis hydrops fetalis cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome 1 epidermal nevus syndrome oral cavity neoplasm osteosarcoma cerebral astrocytoma ovarian disease medullary thyroid gland carcinoma pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous carcinoma pancreatic neoplasm linear nevus sebaceus syndrome colonic neoplasm Parkinson disease colorectal carcinoma myopathy gastric neoplasm benign colon neoplasm Pick disease glioblastoma bile duct cancer cribriform carcinoma hematologic disease dermatomyositis rheumatoid arthritis inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus juvenile dermatomyositis thyroid gland follicular carcinoma cervical carcinoma ovarian neoplasm large cell medulloblastoma ulcerative colitis medulloblastoma pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm pancreatitis colorectal adenocarcinoma urinary bladder neoplasm astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma) penile cancer uterine cervix carcinoma in situ gastrointestinal stromal tumor benign neoplasm verrucous nevus bladder transitional cell carcinoma lung carcinoma cribriform carcinoma of breast psoriasis diffuse astrocytoma malignant ependymoma Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy squamous cell lung carcinoma oligodendroglioma thyroid cancer osteogenesis imperfecta thyroid gland papillary carcinoma amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ovarian carcinoma Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease chronic myelomonocytic leukemia undifferentiated carcinoma gallbladder neoplasm pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm with low grade dysplasia
B	Pharos: Q07889	Noonan syndrome Noonan syndrome 4 hereditary gingival fibromatosis fibromatosis, gingival, 1 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma Adenocarcinoma of Lung Costello syndrome hepatocellular carcinoma hypertrophic cardiomyopathy malignant pancreatic neoplasm osteosarcoma tuberculosis cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome intellectual disability medulloblastoma Noonan syndrome Noonan syndrome 4 hereditary gingival fibromatosis fibromatosis, gingival, 1 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma Adenocarcinoma of Lung Costello syndrome hepatocellular carcinoma hypertrophic cardiomyopathy malignant pancreatic neoplasm osteosarcoma tuberculosis cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome intellectual disability medulloblastoma Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines ovarian cancer Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease hydrops fetalis lung adenocarcinoma osteogenesis imperfecta

RCSB PDB Core Operations are funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (DBI-2321666), the US Department of Energy (DE-SC0019749), and the National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant R01GM157729.