2OV2 | pdb_00002ov2

The crystal structure of the human RAC3 in complex with the CRIB domain of human p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4)

External Resource: Annotation

Domain Annotation: SCOP/SCOPe Classification
Domain Annotation: SCOP2 Classification
Domain Annotation: ECOD Classification
Domain Annotation: CATH
Protein Family Annotation
Gene Ontology: Gene Product Annotation
InterPro: Protein Family Classification
Pharos: Disease Associations

Domain Annotation: SCOP/SCOPe Classification SCOP-e Database Homepage

Chains	Domain Info	Class	Fold	Superfamily	Family	Domain	Species	Provenance Source (Version)
A	d2ov2a1	Alpha and beta proteins (a/b)	P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases	P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases	G proteins	automated matches	human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
A	d2ov2a2	Artifacts	Tags	Tags	Tags	C-terminal Tags	human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
B [auth F]	d2ov2f1	Alpha and beta proteins (a/b)	P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases	P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases	G proteins	automated matches	human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
B [auth F]	d2ov2f3	Artifacts	Tags	Tags	Tags	C-terminal Tags	human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
B [auth F]	d2ov2f2	Artifacts	Tags	Tags	Tags	N-terminal Tags	human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
C [auth B]	d2ov2b1	Alpha and beta proteins (a/b)	P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases	P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases	G proteins	automated matches	human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
C [auth B]	d2ov2b2	Artifacts	Tags	Tags	Tags	N-terminal Tags	human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
D [auth C]	d2ov2c1	Alpha and beta proteins (a/b)	P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases	P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases	G proteins	automated matches	human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
D [auth C]	d2ov2c2	Artifacts	Tags	Tags	Tags	C-terminal Tags	human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
E [auth G]	d2ov2g1	Alpha and beta proteins (a/b)	P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases	P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases	G proteins	automated matches	human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
E [auth G]	d2ov2g2	Artifacts	Tags	Tags	Tags	C-terminal Tags	human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
F [auth D]	d2ov2d1	Alpha and beta proteins (a/b)	P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases	P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases	G proteins	automated matches	human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
F [auth D]	d2ov2d3	Artifacts	Tags	Tags	Tags	C-terminal Tags	human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
F [auth D]	d2ov2d2	Artifacts	Tags	Tags	Tags	N-terminal Tags	human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
G [auth E]	d2ov2e1	Alpha and beta proteins (a/b)	P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases	P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases	G proteins	automated matches	human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
G [auth E]	d2ov2e2	Artifacts	Tags	Tags	Tags	C-terminal Tags	human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
H	d2ov2h1	Alpha and beta proteins (a/b)	P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases	P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases	G proteins	automated matches	human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
H	d2ov2h3	Artifacts	Tags	Tags	Tags	C-terminal Tags	human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
H	d2ov2h2	Artifacts	Tags	Tags	Tags	N-terminal Tags	human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)

Domain Annotation: SCOP2 Classification SCOP2 Database Homepage

Chains	Type	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Family Identifier	Provenance Source (Version)
A	SCOP2B Superfamily	Ras-like P-loop GTPases	8057292	3002022	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
B [auth F]	SCOP2B Superfamily	Ras-like P-loop GTPases	8057292	3002022	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
C [auth B]	SCOP2B Superfamily	Ras-like P-loop GTPases	8057292	3002022	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
D [auth C]	SCOP2B Superfamily	Ras-like P-loop GTPases	8057292	3002022	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
E [auth G]	SCOP2B Superfamily	Ras-like P-loop GTPases	8057292	3002022	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
F [auth D]	SCOP2B Superfamily	Ras-like P-loop GTPases	8057292	3002022	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
G [auth E]	SCOP2B Superfamily	Ras-like P-loop GTPases	8057292	3002022	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
H	SCOP2B Superfamily	Ras-like P-loop GTPases	8057292	3002022	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)

Domain Annotation: ECOD Classification ECOD Database Homepage

Chains	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Architecture	Possible Homology	Homology	Topology	Family	Provenance Source (Version)
A	Ras	e2ov2A1	A: a/b three-layered sandwiches	X: P-loop domains-like	H: P-loop domains-related	T: P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases	F: Ras	ECOD (1.6)
B [auth F]	Ras	e2ov2F1	A: a/b three-layered sandwiches	X: P-loop domains-like	H: P-loop domains-related	T: P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases	F: Ras	ECOD (1.6)
C [auth B]	Ras	e2ov2B1	A: a/b three-layered sandwiches	X: P-loop domains-like	H: P-loop domains-related	T: P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases	F: Ras	ECOD (1.6)
D [auth C]	Ras	e2ov2C1	A: a/b three-layered sandwiches	X: P-loop domains-like	H: P-loop domains-related	T: P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases	F: Ras	ECOD (1.6)
E [auth G]	Ras	e2ov2G1	A: a/b three-layered sandwiches	X: P-loop domains-like	H: P-loop domains-related	T: P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases	F: Ras	ECOD (1.6)
F [auth D]	Ras	e2ov2D1	A: a/b three-layered sandwiches	X: P-loop domains-like	H: P-loop domains-related	T: P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases	F: Ras	ECOD (1.6)
G [auth E]	Ras	e2ov2E1	A: a/b three-layered sandwiches	X: P-loop domains-like	H: P-loop domains-related	T: P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases	F: Ras	ECOD (1.6)
H	Ras	e2ov2H1	A: a/b three-layered sandwiches	X: P-loop domains-like	H: P-loop domains-related	T: P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases	F: Ras	ECOD (1.6)

Domain Annotation: CATH CATH Database Homepage

Chain	Domain	Class	Architecture	Topology	Homology	Provenance Source (Version)
A	3.40.50.300	Alpha Beta	3-Layer(aba) Sandwich	Rossmann fold	P-loop containing nucleotide triphosphate hydrolases	CATH (4.3.0)
B [auth F]	3.40.50.300	Alpha Beta	3-Layer(aba) Sandwich	Rossmann fold	P-loop containing nucleotide triphosphate hydrolases	CATH (4.3.0)
C [auth B]	3.40.50.300	Alpha Beta	3-Layer(aba) Sandwich	Rossmann fold	P-loop containing nucleotide triphosphate hydrolases	CATH (4.3.0)
D [auth C]	3.40.50.300	Alpha Beta	3-Layer(aba) Sandwich	Rossmann fold	P-loop containing nucleotide triphosphate hydrolases	CATH (4.3.0)
E [auth G]	3.40.50.300	Alpha Beta	3-Layer(aba) Sandwich	Rossmann fold	P-loop containing nucleotide triphosphate hydrolases	CATH (4.3.0)
F [auth D]	3.40.50.300	Alpha Beta	3-Layer(aba) Sandwich	Rossmann fold	P-loop containing nucleotide triphosphate hydrolases	CATH (4.3.0)
G [auth E]	3.40.50.300	Alpha Beta	3-Layer(aba) Sandwich	Rossmann fold	P-loop containing nucleotide triphosphate hydrolases	CATH (4.3.0)
H	3.40.50.300	Alpha Beta	3-Layer(aba) Sandwich	Rossmann fold	P-loop containing nucleotide triphosphate hydrolases	CATH (4.3.0)

Protein Family Annotation Pfam Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Description	Comments	Source
A, B [auth F], C [auth B], D [auth C], E [auth G], A, B [auth F], C [auth B], D [auth C], E [auth G], F [auth D], G [auth E], H	PF00071	Ras family (Ras)	Ras family	Includes sub-families Ras, Rab, Rac, Ral, Ran, Rap Ypt1 and more. Shares P-loop motif with GTP_EFTU, arf and myosin_head. See Pfam:PF00009 Pfam:PF00025, Pfam:PF00063. As regards Rab GTPases, these are important regulators of vesicle formation, motili ...	Includes sub-families Ras, Rab, Rac, Ral, Ran, Rap Ypt1 and more. Shares P-loop motif with GTP_EFTU, arf and myosin_head. See Pfam:PF00009 Pfam:PF00025, Pfam:PF00063. As regards Rab GTPases, these are important regulators of vesicle formation, motility and fusion. They share a fold in common with all Ras GTPases: this is a six-stranded beta-sheet surrounded by five alpha-helices [1].	Domain
I, J, K, L, M I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P	PF00786	P21-Rho-binding domain (PBD)	P21-Rho-binding domain	Small domains that bind Cdc42p- and/or Rho-like small GTPases. Also known as the Cdc42/Rac interactive binding (CRIB).	Domain

Gene Ontology: Gene Product Annotation Gene Ontology Database Homepage

Chains	Polymer	Molecular Function	Biological Process	Cellular Component
A, B [auth F], C [auth B], D [auth C], E [auth G], A, B [auth F], C [auth B], D [auth C], E [auth G], F [auth D], G [auth E], H	Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 3	pyrophosphatase activity GTPase activity ribonucleoside triphosphate phosphatase activity hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, in phosphorus-containing anhydrides hydrolase activity hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides catalytic activity GTPase motor activity cytoskeletal motor activity membrane scission GTPase motor activity binding guanyl nucleotide binding GTP binding nucleotide binding pyrophosphatase activity GTPase activity ribonucleoside triphosphate phosphatase activity hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, in phosphorus-containing anhydrides hydrolase activity hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides catalytic activity GTPase motor activity cytoskeletal motor activity membrane scission GTPase motor activity binding guanyl nucleotide binding GTP binding nucleotide binding guanyl ribonucleotide binding purine ribonucleotide binding purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding nucleoside phosphate binding ion binding purine nucleotide binding anion binding heterocyclic compound binding carbohydrate derivative binding ribonucleotide binding small molecule binding protein binding kinase binding enzyme binding protein kinase binding calcium-dependent protein binding G protein activity molecular function regulator activity	regulation of biological process regulation of cell motility regulation of cellular process regulation of leukocyte migration biological regulation neutrophil migration granulocyte migration leukocyte migration immune system process regulation of locomotion myeloid leukocyte migration regulation of cell migration cell migration cellular process regulation of biological process regulation of cell motility regulation of cellular process regulation of leukocyte migration biological regulation neutrophil migration granulocyte migration leukocyte migration immune system process regulation of locomotion myeloid leukocyte migration regulation of cell migration cell migration cellular process regulation of immune system process cell motility regulation of neutrophil migration locomotion multicellular organismal process multicellular organismal-level homeostasis homeostatic process homeostasis of number of cells within a tissue anatomical structure homeostasis tissue homeostasis homeostasis of number of cells positive regulation of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading regulation of cell-substrate adhesion positive regulation of cell adhesion regulation of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading regulation of cell adhesion positive regulation of biological process cell-substrate adhesion cell adhesion positive regulation of cell-substrate adhesion substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading positive regulation of cellular process cellular component organization organelle organization actin cytoskeleton organization actin filament-based process cellular component organization or biogenesis cytoskeleton organization cellular response to stimulus small GTPase-mediated signal transduction response to stimulus signaling Rac protein signal transduction intracellular signal transduction cell communication intracellular signaling cassette signal transduction cell chemotaxis chemotaxis response to external stimulus cellular response to chemical stimulus taxis response to chemical establishment or maintenance of cell polarity cellular developmental process forebrain development central nervous system neuron development cell development cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron differentiation neurogenesis multicellular organism development central nervous system neuron differentiation neuron differentiation cell differentiation anatomical structure development GABAergic neuron differentiation system development developmental process head development forebrain generation of neurons animal organ development brain development nervous system development cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron development generation of neurons forebrain neuron development central nervous system development neuron development cerebral cortex neuron differentiation forebrain neuron differentiation actin filament organization supramolecular fiber organization postsynapse organization postsynaptic cytoskeleton organization cell junction organization postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton organization synapse organization regulation of cytoskeleton organization regulation of cellular component organization regulation of actin filament-based process regulation of organelle organization regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization axonogenesis cell projection organization motor neuron axon guidance plasma membrane bounded cell projection morphogenesis neuron projection development cell morphogenesis cell projection morphogenesis neuron projection morphogenesis plasma membrane bounded cell projection organization axon guidance axon development cell morphogenesis involved in neuron differentiation anatomical structure morphogenesis neuron projection guidance system process nervous system process neuromuscular process neuromuscular process controlling balance regulation of developmental process regulation of cell shape regulation of cell morphogenesis regulation of biological quality regulation of anatomical structure morphogenesis cellular component biogenesis cellular component assembly cell projection assembly positive regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrin regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrin cell adhesion mediated by integrin cortical cytoskeleton organization regulation of postsynapse assembly cell junction assembly regulation of synapse structure or activity regulation of synapse assembly postsynapse assembly regulation of postsynapse organization regulation of cellular component biogenesis regulation of cell junction assembly regulation of synapse organization synapse assembly trans-synaptic signaling synaptic transmission, GABAergic cell-cell signaling chemical synaptic transmission synaptic signaling anterograde trans-synaptic signaling respiratory burst metabolic process cell surface receptor signaling pathway Wnt signaling pathway regulation of cell differentiation regulation of neuron maturation regulation of cell development cell maturation regulation of cell maturation developmental maturation anatomical structure maturation neuron maturation regulation of neuron differentiation	cell projection cellular anatomical structure cell leading edge plasma membrane bounded cell projection lamellipodium extracellular exosome membrane-bounded organelle extracellular vesicle extracellular organelle extracellular region organelle extracellular space vesicle extracellular membrane-bounded organelle cell projection cellular anatomical structure cell leading edge plasma membrane bounded cell projection lamellipodium extracellular exosome membrane-bounded organelle extracellular vesicle extracellular organelle extracellular region organelle extracellular space vesicle extracellular membrane-bounded organelle intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm cytosol synapse cell junction glutamatergic synapse neuron projection intracellular organelle cytoskeleton membraneless organelle intracellular membraneless organelle perinuclear region of cytoplasm somatodendritic compartment cell body neuronal cell body polymeric cytoskeletal fiber protein-containing complex actin filament actin cytoskeleton filamentous actin supramolecular fiber supramolecular polymer supramolecular complex postsynapse endomembrane system cell periphery plasma membrane membrane catalytic complex plasma membrane protein complex NADPH oxidase complex membrane protein complex oxidoreductase complex growth cone axon distal axon site of polarized growth organelle subcompartment intracellular membrane-bounded organelle endoplasmic reticulum subcompartment nuclear outer membrane-endoplasmic reticulum membrane network endoplasmic reticulum organelle membrane endoplasmic reticulum membrane cytoplasmic vesicle intracellular vesicle
I, J, K, L, M I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P	Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 4	protein serine/threonine kinase activity catalytic activity, acting on a protein kinase activity protein kinase activity transferase activity phosphotransferase activity, alcohol group as acceptor transferase activity, transferring phosphorus-containing groups histone H2AS121 kinase activity histone modifying activity histone H2A kinase activity catalytic activity histone kinase activity AMP-activated protein kinase activity cell adhesion molecule binding protein serine/threonine kinase activity catalytic activity, acting on a protein kinase activity protein kinase activity transferase activity phosphotransferase activity, alcohol group as acceptor transferase activity, transferring phosphorus-containing groups histone H2AS121 kinase activity histone modifying activity histone H2A kinase activity catalytic activity histone kinase activity AMP-activated protein kinase activity cell adhesion molecule binding cadherin binding involved in cell-cell adhesion cadherin binding protein binding binding cell adhesion mediator activity cell-cell adhesion mediator activity DNA-dependent protein kinase activity histone H3T45 kinase activity histone H3 kinase activity eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2alpha kinase activity adenyl ribonucleotide binding nucleotide binding purine ribonucleotide binding purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding nucleoside phosphate binding ion binding purine nucleotide binding anion binding adenyl nucleotide binding ATP binding heterocyclic compound binding carbohydrate derivative binding ribonucleotide binding small molecule binding histone H3T6 kinase activity histone H3T3 kinase activity histone H2BS14 kinase activity histone H2B kinase activity histone H3S57 kinase activity Rho-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity histone H2AT120 kinase activity histone H2AXS139 kinase activity histone H2AX kinase activity histone H4S1 kinase activity histone H4 kinase activity protein serine kinase activity histone H3T11 kinase activity histone H3S28 kinase activity 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase activity histone H2BS36 kinase activity histone H2AS1 kinase activity ribosomal protein S6 kinase activity histone H3S10 kinase activity	cellular process apoptotic process cell death programmed cell death cellular response to stimulus regulation of biological process regulation of signaling regulation of cellular process response to stimulus signaling biological regulation regulation of signal transduction regulation of MAPK cascade intracellular signal transduction cellular process apoptotic process cell death programmed cell death cellular response to stimulus regulation of biological process regulation of signaling regulation of cellular process response to stimulus signaling biological regulation regulation of signal transduction regulation of MAPK cascade intracellular signal transduction cell communication regulation of intracellular signal transduction regulation of response to stimulus intracellular signaling cassette MAPK cascade regulation of cell communication signal transduction regulation of growth regulation of cellular component organization growth regulation of cell growth cell growth cellular component organization cellular component organization or biogenesis cell migration cell motility cellular response to nutrient levels response to nutrient levels cellular response to stress response to stress response to starvation cellular response to starvation organelle organization cytoskeleton organization developmental process dendritic spine development multicellular organismal process plasma membrane bounded cell projection organization cellular developmental process cell projection organization cell development neuron projection development nervous system development generation of neurons neurogenesis multicellular organism development neuron differentiation dendrite development cell differentiation neuron development anatomical structure development system development regulation of developmental process positive regulation of biological process angiogenesis regulation of vasculature development positive regulation of developmental process tube morphogenesis regulation of multicellular organismal process regulation of anatomical structure morphogenesis blood vessel development regulation of multicellular organismal development blood vessel morphogenesis tube development positive regulation of angiogenesis vasculature development circulatory system development anatomical structure morphogenesis positive regulation of vasculature development regulation of angiogenesis anatomical structure formation involved in morphogenesis positive regulation of multicellular organismal process negative regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process negative regulation of programmed cell death regulation of apoptotic process negative regulation of biological process regulation of programmed cell death negative regulation of apoptotic process negative regulation of cellular process endothelial cell apoptotic process regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process	cellular anatomical structure intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm cytosol cell-cell junction adherens junction anchoring junction cell junction membrane-bounded organelle intracellular organelle Golgi apparatus organelle intracellular membrane-bounded organelle endomembrane system cellular anatomical structure intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm cytosol cell-cell junction adherens junction anchoring junction cell junction membrane-bounded organelle intracellular organelle Golgi apparatus organelle intracellular membrane-bounded organelle endomembrane system focal adhesion cell-substrate junction

InterPro: Protein Family Classification InterPro Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Type
A, B [auth F], C [auth B], D [auth C], E [auth G], A, B [auth F], C [auth B], D [auth C], E [auth G], F [auth D], G [auth E], H	IPR003578	Small GTPase Rho	Family
A, B [auth F], C [auth B], D [auth C], E [auth G], A, B [auth F], C [auth B], D [auth C], E [auth G], F [auth D], G [auth E], H	IPR027417	P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolase	Homologous Superfamily
A, B [auth F], C [auth B], D [auth C], E [auth G], A, B [auth F], C [auth B], D [auth C], E [auth G], F [auth D], G [auth E], H	IPR005225	Small GTP-binding domain	Domain
A, B [auth F], C [auth B], D [auth C], E [auth G], A, B [auth F], C [auth B], D [auth C], E [auth G], F [auth D], G [auth E], H	IPR001806	Small GTPase	Family
I, J, K, L, M I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P	IPR000719	Protein kinase domain	Domain
I, J, K, L, M I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P	IPR036936	CRIB domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
I, J, K, L, M I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P	IPR000095	CRIB domain	Domain
I, J, K, L, M I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P	IPR017441	Protein kinase, ATP binding site	Binding Site
I, J, K, L, M I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P	IPR051931	Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 3-like	Family
I, J, K, L, M I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P	IPR033923	p21 activated kinase binding domain	Domain
I, J, K, L, M I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P	IPR011009	Protein kinase-like domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily

Pharos: Disease Associations Pharos Homepage Annotation

Chains	Drug Target	Associated Disease
A, B [auth F], C [auth B], D [auth C], E [auth G], A, B [auth F], C [auth B], D [auth C], E [auth G], F [auth D], G [auth E], H	Pharos: P60763	attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, inattentive type malignant glioma atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor medulloblastoma invasive ductal breast carcinoma Robinow syndrome
I, J, K, L, M I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P	Pharos: O96013	atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor hepatocellular carcinoma osteosarcoma glioblastoma large cell medulloblastoma ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma hepatitis C virus infection malignant mesothelioma

RCSB PDB Core Operations are funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (DBI-2321666), the US Department of Energy (DE-SC0019749), and the National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant R01GM157729.