4JC3

14-3-3 protein interaction with Estrogen Receptor Alpha provides a novel drug target interface

External Resource: Annotation

Domain Annotation: SCOP2 Classification
Domain Annotation: ECOD Classification
Domain Annotation: CATH
Protein Family Annotation
Gene Ontology: Gene Product Annotation
InterPro: Protein Family Classification
Pharos: Disease Associations
Protein Modification Annotation

Domain Annotation: SCOP2 Classification SCOP2 Database Homepage

Chains	Type	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Family Identifier	Provenance Source (Version)
A	SCOP2B Superfamily	14-3-3 protein	8082819	3001329	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)

Domain Annotation: ECOD Classification ECOD Database Homepage

Chains	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Architecture	Possible Homology	Homology	Topology	Family	Provenance Source (Version)
A	14-3-3	e4jc3A1	A: alpha superhelices	X: Repetitive alpha hairpins	H: ARM repeat (From Topology)	T: ARM repeat	F: 14-3-3	ECOD (1.6)

Domain Annotation: CATH CATH Database Homepage

Chain	Domain	Class	Architecture	Topology	Homology	Provenance Source (Version)
A	1.20.190.20	Mainly Alpha	Up-down Bundle	Delta-Endotoxin	domain 1	CATH (4.3.0)

Protein Family Annotation Pfam Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Description	Comments	Source
A	PF00244	14-3-3 protein (14-3-3)	14-3-3 protein	-	Repeat

Gene Ontology: Gene Product Annotation Gene Ontology Database Homepage

Chains	Polymer	Molecular Function	Biological Process	Cellular Component
B	Estrogen receptor Peptide	transcription factor binding basal transcription machinery binding protein binding binding basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery binding general transcription initiation factor binding RNA polymerase II general transcription initiation factor binding TFIIB-class transcription factor binding transcription coregulator binding 14-3-3 protein binding DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific transcription regulator activity DNA-binding transcription factor activity DNA binding transcription factor binding basal transcription machinery binding protein binding binding basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery binding general transcription initiation factor binding RNA polymerase II general transcription initiation factor binding TFIIB-class transcription factor binding transcription coregulator binding 14-3-3 protein binding DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific transcription regulator activity DNA-binding transcription factor activity DNA binding sequence-specific DNA binding double-stranded DNA binding nucleic acid binding RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding transcription cis-regulatory region binding organic cyclic compound binding estrogen response element binding transcription regulatory region nucleic acid binding RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding TBP-class protein binding enzyme regulator activity molecular function regulator activity nitric-oxide synthase regulator activity nuclear receptor activity molecular transducer activity ligand-activated transcription factor activity signaling receptor activity calmodulin binding DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription activator activity ATPase binding enzyme binding identical protein binding transcription corepressor binding chromatin binding nuclear steroid receptor activity nuclear estrogen receptor activity G protein-coupled receptor activity transmembrane signaling receptor activity G protein-coupled estrogen receptor activity kinase binding protein kinase binding transcription coactivator binding steroid binding lipid binding beta-catenin binding cation binding transition metal ion binding zinc ion binding ion binding metal ion binding small molecule binding RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding nuclear receptor binding DNA-binding transcription factor binding nuclear estrogen receptor binding	developmental process multicellular organismal process gonad development reproductive system development reproductive process sex differentiation animal organ development developmental process involved in reproduction male gonad development male sex differentiation multicellular organism development development of primary male sexual characteristics development of primary sexual characteristics anatomical structure development reproductive structure development developmental process multicellular organismal process gonad development reproductive system development reproductive process sex differentiation animal organ development developmental process involved in reproduction male gonad development male sex differentiation multicellular organism development development of primary male sexual characteristics development of primary sexual characteristics anatomical structure development reproductive structure development system development regulation of biosynthetic process regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process regulation of biological process regulation of cellular process biological regulation positive regulation of biological process reactive nitrogen species metabolic process positive regulation of nitric oxide metabolic process nitric oxide metabolic process positive regulation of metabolic process nitric oxide biosynthetic process biosynthetic process positive regulation of biosynthetic process cellular process metabolic process regulation of nitric oxide metabolic process positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process regulation of metabolic process positive regulation of cellular process transcription preinitiation complex assembly RNA metabolic process cellular component organization cellular component biogenesis protein-DNA complex organization RNA biosynthetic process nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process DNA-templated transcription nucleic acid biosynthetic process cellular component assembly transcription by RNA polymerase II protein-containing complex assembly cellular component organization or biogenesis transcription initiation at RNA polymerase II promoter protein-containing complex organization protein-DNA complex assembly primary metabolic process nucleobase-containing compound biosynthetic process gene expression macromolecule biosynthetic process DNA-templated transcription initiation nucleic acid metabolic process RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex assembly macromolecule metabolic process regulation of catalytic activity positive regulation of catalytic activity regulation of oxidoreductase activity positive regulation of oxidoreductase activity positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity regulation of molecular function positive regulation of molecular function regulation of monooxygenase activity positive regulation of monooxygenase activity regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity regulation of hormone levels steroid metabolic process androgen metabolic process regulation of biological quality hormone metabolic process lipid metabolic process positive regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity regulation of primary metabolic process regulation of RNA metabolic process regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process regulation of RNA biosynthetic process regulation of macromolecule metabolic process regulation of gene expression regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process regulation of DNA-templated transcription cellular response to stimulus response to lipid response to stimulus signaling hormone-mediated signaling pathway cell communication cellular response to endogenous stimulus response to hormone response to steroid hormone signal transduction cellular response to steroid hormone stimulus response to organic cyclic compound steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway cellular response to hormone stimulus response to endogenous stimulus cellular response to organic cyclic compound cellular response to chemical stimulus response to chemical cellular response to lipid regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process regulation of apoptotic process regulation of programmed cell death cell death epithelial cell apoptotic process apoptotic process programmed cell death positive regulation of response to biotic stimulus pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway toll-like receptor signaling pathway regulation of signal transduction response to biotic stimulus immune response-activating signaling pathway positive regulation of immune response regulation of immune system process positive regulation of immune system process innate immune response-activating signaling pathway immune response response to other organism regulation of innate immune response response to external stimulus regulation of response to stimulus defense response to other organism regulation of pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of defense response activation of innate immune response regulation of immune response regulation of toll-like receptor signaling pathway activation of immune response regulation of defense response regulation of response to biotic stimulus biological process involved in interspecies interaction between organisms regulation of response to external stimulus positive regulation of response to stimulus positive regulation of response to external stimulus immune response-regulating signaling pathway regulation of response to stress response to stress innate immune response response to external biotic stimulus regulation of signaling positive regulation of innate immune response defense response defense response to symbiont immune system process regulation of cell communication fibroblast proliferation cell population proliferation intracellular receptor signaling pathway intracellular signal transduction nuclear receptor-mediated steroid hormone signaling pathway estrogen receptor signaling pathway nuclear receptor-mediated signaling pathway phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway prostate gland development developmental growth gland development organ growth prostate gland epithelium morphogenesis gland morphogenesis animal organ morphogenesis prostate gland morphogenetic growth prostate gland growth epithelium development axis elongation branch elongation of an epithelium growth morphogenesis of an epithelium urogenital system development tissue development developmental growth involved in morphogenesis prostate gland morphogenesis tissue morphogenesis anatomical structure morphogenesis morphogenesis of a branching structure branching involved in prostate gland morphogenesis prostate epithelial cord elongation morphogenesis of a branching epithelium response to estrogen cellular response to estrogen stimulus negative regulation of biological process negative regulation of RNA biosynthetic process negative regulation of cellular process negative regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process negative regulation of macromolecule metabolic process regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II negative regulation of metabolic process negative regulation of biosynthetic process negative regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process negative regulation of RNA metabolic process ovulation cycle process development of primary female sexual characteristics ovulation cycle ovarian follicle development rhythmic process female gonad development multicellular organismal reproductive process female sex differentiation antral ovarian follicle growth positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process positive regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II positive regulation of RNA metabolic process positive regulation of RNA biosynthetic process epithelial cell development cellular developmental process cell differentiation cell development epithelial cell differentiation positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration negative regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity negative regulation of molecular function genitalia development female genitalia development vagina development negative regulation of signaling negative regulation of intracellular signal transduction negative regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction negative regulation of cell communication regulation of intracellular signal transduction intracellular signaling cassette negative regulation of response to stimulus negative regulation of signal transduction canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction positive regulation of cell population proliferation regulation of fibroblast proliferation regulation of cell population proliferation positive regulation of fibroblast proliferation protein localization localization protein localization to chromatin cellular localization protein localization to chromosome protein localization to organelle cellular macromolecule localization macromolecule localization branching involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesis multi-multicellular organism process mammary gland morphogenesis maternal process involved in female pregnancy mammary gland development branching morphogenesis of an epithelial tube tube morphogenesis mammary gland branching involved in pregnancy epithelial tube morphogenesis female pregnancy tube development mammary gland duct morphogenesis mammary gland epithelium development multi-organism reproductive process negative regulation of miRNA transcription miRNA transcription regulation of miRNA metabolic process miRNA metabolic process negative regulation of miRNA metabolic process regulation of miRNA transcription uterus development branch elongation involved in mammary gland duct branching epithelial cell proliferation involved in mammary gland duct elongation epithelial cell proliferation mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation regulation of inflammatory response inflammatory response prostate glandular acinus development prostate epithelial cord arborization involved in prostate glandular acinus morphogenesis prostate glandular acinus morphogenesis response to oxygen-containing compound cellular response to oxygen-containing compound response to estradiol cellular response to estradiol stimulus negative regulation of gene expression stem cell differentiation regulation of developmental process regulation of reproductive process regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium regulation of multicellular organismal process regulation of anatomical structure morphogenesis regulation of morphogenesis of a branching structure regulation of branching involved in prostate gland morphogenesis mammary gland lobule development mammary gland alveolus development chromatin organization chromatin remodeling muscle cell apoptotic process smooth muscle cell apoptotic process negative regulation of programmed cell death regulation of muscle cell apoptotic process regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process negative regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process negative regulation of apoptotic process negative regulation of muscle cell apoptotic process	cellular anatomical structure membrane intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm cytosol protein-containing complex transcription regulator complex intracellular organelle organelle membraneless organelle intracellular membraneless organelle chromatin chromosome membrane-bounded organelle cellular anatomical structure membrane intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm cytosol protein-containing complex transcription regulator complex intracellular organelle organelle membraneless organelle intracellular membraneless organelle chromatin chromosome membrane-bounded organelle Golgi apparatus intracellular membrane-bounded organelle endomembrane system cell periphery plasma membrane nucleus membrane-enclosed lumen intracellular organelle lumen nucleoplasm organelle lumen nuclear lumen euchromatin
A	14-3-3 protein sigma	phosphoprotein binding protein binding binding phosphoserine residue binding protein phosphorylated amino acid binding enzyme regulator activity protein kinase inhibitor activity molecular function inhibitor activity molecular function regulator activity enzyme inhibitor activity protein kinase C inhibitor activity protein kinase regulator activity protein serine/threonine kinase inhibitor activity kinase inhibitor activity phosphoprotein binding protein binding binding phosphoserine residue binding protein phosphorylated amino acid binding enzyme regulator activity protein kinase inhibitor activity molecular function inhibitor activity molecular function regulator activity enzyme inhibitor activity protein kinase C inhibitor activity protein kinase regulator activity protein serine/threonine kinase inhibitor activity kinase inhibitor activity kinase regulator activity molecular sequestering activity protein sequestering activity kinase binding enzyme binding protein kinase binding cell adhesion molecule binding cadherin binding identical protein binding	regulation of biological process regulation of growth regulation of cellular process regulation of cellular component organization positive regulation of biological process biological regulation growth positive regulation of cell growth regulation of cell growth cell growth cellular component organization positive regulation of growth cellular process cellular component organization or biogenesis regulation of biological process regulation of growth regulation of cellular process regulation of cellular component organization positive regulation of biological process biological regulation growth positive regulation of cell growth regulation of cell growth cell growth cellular component organization positive regulation of growth cellular process cellular component organization or biogenesis positive regulation of cellular process protein localization localization cellular localization cellular macromolecule localization macromolecule localization regulation of localization regulation of protein localization negative regulation of biological process negative regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane negative regulation of cellular process regulation of protein localization to membrane negative regulation of protein localization protein localization to cell periphery protein localization to plasma membrane localization within membrane regulation of protein localization to cell periphery protein localization to membrane negative regulation of protein localization to membrane regulation of cellular localization negative regulation of protein localization to cell periphery regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane establishment of protein localization nitrogen compound transport nucleocytoplasmic transport transport nuclear transport intracellular transport protein export from nucleus establishment of localization protein transport establishment of localization in cell nuclear export intracellular protein transport epidermal cell division cell division regulation of epidermal cell division regulation of cell division developmental process establishment of skin barrier epithelium development skin development skin epidermis development epidermis development anatomical structure development animal organ development tissue development regulation of defense response regulation of response to biotic stimulus biological process involved in interspecies interaction between organisms negative regulation of response to biotic stimulus response to stimulus regulation of response to external stimulus response to biotic stimulus response to stress regulation of response to stress innate immune response regulation of immune system process response to external biotic stimulus negative regulation of response to stimulus immune response response to other organism defense response regulation of innate immune response negative regulation of immune response defense response to symbiont response to external stimulus regulation of response to stimulus negative regulation of immune system process immune system process defense response to other organism negative regulation of response to external stimulus negative regulation of defense response regulation of immune response negative regulation of innate immune response cell population proliferation epithelial cell proliferation keratinocyte proliferation cell adhesion cell-cell adhesion regulation of cell adhesion regulation of cell-cell adhesion cellular response to stimulus signaling signal transduction cell communication negative regulation of cell population proliferation regulation of stem cell proliferation negative regulation of stem cell proliferation stem cell proliferation regulation of cell population proliferation positive regulation of cell adhesion regulation of protein modification process regulation of catalytic activity regulation of protein phosphorylation negative regulation of phosphate metabolic process negative regulation of catalytic activity regulation of transferase activity regulation of primary metabolic process negative regulation of kinase activity negative regulation of transferase activity regulation of phosphate metabolic process phosphate-containing compound metabolic process negative regulation of protein modification process protein metabolic process phosphorus metabolic process protein modification process negative regulation of protein metabolic process negative regulation of macromolecule metabolic process protein phosphorylation phosphorylation regulation of protein metabolic process negative regulation of metabolic process negative regulation of molecular function primary metabolic process negative regulation of protein kinase activity regulation of protein kinase activity regulation of macromolecule metabolic process regulation of molecular function regulation of kinase activity negative regulation of protein phosphorylation macromolecule modification negative regulation of phosphorus metabolic process regulation of phosphorylation regulation of phosphorus metabolic process metabolic process macromolecule metabolic process negative regulation of phosphorylation regulation of metabolic process positive regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport positive regulation of establishment of protein localization positive regulation of protein transport positive regulation of intracellular transport regulation of protein export from nucleus regulation of intracellular transport regulation of transport regulation of establishment of protein localization regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport regulation of protein transport positive regulation of protein export from nucleus positive regulation of transport positive regulation of protein localization regulation of intracellular protein transport positive regulation of intracellular protein transport cell death intracellular signal transduction apoptotic signaling pathway cellular response to stress DNA damage response intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage apoptotic process intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway programmed cell death cAMP/PKA signal transduction intracellular signaling cassette multicellular organismal process keratinization epidermal cell differentiation cellular developmental process epithelial cell differentiation cell differentiation keratinocyte differentiation keratinocyte development cell development epithelial cell development regulation of keratinocyte proliferation negative regulation of keratinocyte proliferation regulation of epithelial cell proliferation negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation cell cycle regulation of cell cycle RNA metabolic process negative regulation of RNA biosynthetic process RNA biosynthetic process nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process DNA-templated transcription nucleic acid biosynthetic process regulation of RNA metabolic process transcription by RNA polymerase II negative regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process regulation of RNA biosynthetic process regulation of biosynthetic process regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II nucleobase-containing compound biosynthetic process gene expression macromolecule biosynthetic process nucleic acid metabolic process regulation of gene expression biosynthetic process negative regulation of biosynthetic process negative regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process regulation of DNA-templated transcription negative regulation of RNA metabolic process apoptotic mitochondrial changes release of cytochrome c from mitochondria organelle organization mitochondrion organization regulation of developmental process regulation of epidermal cell differentiation regulation of cell differentiation regulation of epithelial cell differentiation positive regulation of developmental process multicellular organism development positive regulation of cell differentiation regulation of multicellular organismal process regulation of multicellular organismal development positive regulation of epidermis development positive regulation of epithelial cell differentiation regulation of epidermis development positive regulation of epidermal cell differentiation	extracellular exosome membrane-bounded organelle extracellular vesicle cellular anatomical structure extracellular organelle extracellular region organelle extracellular space vesicle extracellular membrane-bounded organelle intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm cytosol intracellular organelle extracellular exosome membrane-bounded organelle extracellular vesicle cellular anatomical structure extracellular organelle extracellular region organelle extracellular space vesicle extracellular membrane-bounded organelle intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm cytosol intracellular organelle nucleus intracellular membrane-bounded organelle

InterPro: Protein Family Classification InterPro Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Type
B	IPR001628	Zinc finger, nuclear hormone receptor-type	Domain
B	IPR050200	Nuclear hormone receptor family NR3 subfamily	Family
B	IPR013088	Zinc finger, NHR/GATA-type	Homologous Superfamily
B	IPR024736	Oestrogen-type nuclear receptor final C-terminal domain	Domain
B	IPR001292	Estrogen receptor	Family
B	IPR024178	Estrogen receptor/oestrogen-related receptor	Family
B	IPR001723	Nuclear hormone receptor	Family
B	IPR046944	Estrogen receptor, N-terminal	Domain
B	IPR000536	Nuclear hormone receptor, ligand-binding domain	Domain
B	IPR035500	Nuclear hormone receptor-like domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
A	IPR023409	14-3-3 protein, conserved site	Conserved Site
A	IPR023410	14-3-3 domain	Domain
A	IPR037435	14-3-3 protein sigma	Family
A	IPR036815	14-3-3 domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
A	IPR000308	14-3-3 protein	Family

Pharos: Disease Associations Pharos Homepage Annotation

Chains	Drug Target	Associated Disease
B	Pharos: P03372	breast carcinoma uterine corpus leiomyoma prostate cancer carcinoma estrogen resistance syndrome obesity disorder Alzheimer disease bone disease breast cancer female infertility glomerulonephritis leiomyoma migraine with or without aura, susceptibility to, 1 Musculoskeletal Pain lung cancer breast carcinoma uterine corpus leiomyoma prostate cancer carcinoma estrogen resistance syndrome obesity disorder Alzheimer disease bone disease breast cancer female infertility glomerulonephritis leiomyoma migraine with or without aura, susceptibility to, 1 Musculoskeletal Pain lung cancer protoplasmic astrocytoma male infertility fibrillary astrocytoma tubular adenocarcinoma coronary artery disease astrocytic tumor urinary bladder cancer atherosclerosis pilocytic astrocytoma leukemia myocardial infarction prostate intraepithelial neoplasia adenocarcinoma sarcomatoid carcinoma oligospermia subependymal giant cell astrocytoma gemistocytic astrocytoma granular cell carcinoma hereditary breast carcinoma juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma liver cancer endometrial carcinoma endometriosis neuroblastoma childhood cerebral astrocytoma anaplastic astrocytoma diffuse astrocytoma peripheral neuropathy migraine disorder benign mesothelioma ductal breast carcinoma in situ endogenous depression endometrial hyperplasia cardiac arrest colorectal cancer ovarian cancer hepatocellular carcinoma mesothelioma cystic fibrosis pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm with low grade dysplasia infertility disorder invasive ductal breast carcinoma postmenopausal osteoporosis bipolar disorder liver neoplasm breast adenocarcinoma endometrial cancer psoriasis estrogen-receptor negative breast cancer adrenal cortex carcinoma osteoporosis amelogenesis imperfecta type 1G ovarian carcinoma undifferentiated carcinoma cribriform carcinoma pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous carcinoma astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma) urinary bladder neoplasm depressive disorder peripheral nervous system disease interstitial cystitis atopic eczema pituitary cancer attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, inattentive type drug psychosis primary ovarian failure lung benign neoplasm male breast carcinoma cancer malignant mesothelioma schizophrenia cerebral astrocytoma osteogenesis imperfecta mammary neoplasms, animal osteosarcoma ovarian neoplasm arteriosclerosis disorder cribriform carcinoma of breast pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm
A	Pharos: P31947	esophageal squamous cell carcinoma squamous cell carcinoma esophageal cancer Lymphatic Metastasis keloid lung adenocarcinoma malignant pancreatic neoplasm non-small cell lung carcinoma ovarian cancer pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm sarcoidosis cystic fibrosis interstitial cystitis malignant mesothelioma oral cavity neoplasm esophageal squamous cell carcinoma squamous cell carcinoma esophageal cancer Lymphatic Metastasis keloid lung adenocarcinoma malignant pancreatic neoplasm non-small cell lung carcinoma ovarian cancer pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm sarcoidosis cystic fibrosis interstitial cystitis malignant mesothelioma oral cavity neoplasm pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm with low grade dysplasia atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor spina bifida diabetes mellitus malignant ependymoma neoplasm of esophagus osteosarcoma pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous carcinoma psoriasis breast cancer ductal breast carcinoma in situ hepatocellular carcinoma large cell medulloblastoma lung cancer malignant glioma

Protein Modification Annotation

Modified Residue(s)
Chain	Residue(s)	Description
B	TPO	Parent Component: THR RESID: AA0038 PSI-MOD : O-phospho-L-threonine MOD:00047

RCSB PDB Core Operations are funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (DBI-2321666), the US Department of Energy (DE-SC0019749), and the National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant R01GM157729.