Annotations: 7WCN

Domain Annotation: SCOP2 Classification SCOP2 Database Homepage

Chains	Type	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Family Identifier	Provenance Source (Version)
C	SCOP2B Superfamily	Transducin (heterotrimeric G protein), gamma chain	8070798	3001771	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)

Domain Annotation: ECOD Classification ECOD Database Homepage

Chains	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Architecture	Possible Homology	Homology	Topology	Family	Provenance Source (Version)
B	ANAPC4_WD40_3	e7wcnB1	A: beta duplicates or obligate multimers	X: beta-propeller-like	H: beta-propeller	T: 7-bladed	F: ANAPC4_WD40_3	ECOD (1.6)
C	G-gamma	e7wcnC1	A: extended segments	X: Transducin (heterotrimeric G protein), gamma chain (From Topology)	H: Transducin (heterotrimeric G protein), gamma chain (From Topology)	T: Transducin (heterotrimeric G protein), gamma chain	F: G-gamma	ECOD (1.6)
D [auth N]	V-set_12	e7wcnN1	A: beta sandwiches	X: Immunoglobulin-like beta-sandwich	H: Immunoglobulin-related	T: Immunoglobulin/Fibronectin type III/E set domains/PapD-like	F: V-set_12	ECOD (1.6)
E [auth R]	7tm_1_2	e7wcnR1	A: alpha bundles	X: Family A G protein-coupled receptor-like (From Topology)	H: Family A G protein-coupled receptor-like (From Topology)	T: Family A G protein-coupled receptor-like	F: 7tm_1_2	ECOD (1.6)

SAbDab Antibody Annotation SAbDab Database Homepage

Chain	Chain Class	Chain Subclass	Chain Type	Antigen Name(s)	Provenance Source
D [auth N]	Heavy Chain	IGHV3	-	guanine nucleotide-binding protein g(s) subunit alphaisoforms short \| guanine nucleotide-binding protein g(i)/g(s)/g(t) subunitbeta-1	SAbDab (2024-10-25)

Protein Family Annotation Pfam Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Description	Comments	Source
A	PF00503	G-protein alpha subunit (G-alpha)	G-protein alpha subunit	G proteins couple receptors of extracellular signals to intracellular signaling pathways. The G protein alpha subunit binds guanyl nucleotide and is a weak GTPase. A set of residues that are unique to G-alpha as compared to its ancestor the Arf-like ...	G proteins couple receptors of extracellular signals to intracellular signaling pathways. The G protein alpha subunit binds guanyl nucleotide and is a weak GTPase. A set of residues that are unique to G-alpha as compared to its ancestor the Arf-like family form a ring of residues centered on the nucleotide binding site [3]. A Ggamma is found fused to an inactive Galpha in the Dictyostelium protein gbqA [3].	Domain
B	PF00400	WD domain, G-beta repeat (WD40)	WD domain, G-beta repeat	-	Repeat
E [auth R]	PF00001	7 transmembrane receptor (rhodopsin family) (7tm_1)	7 transmembrane receptor (rhodopsin family)	-	Family

Gene Ontology: Gene Product Annotation Gene Ontology Database Homepage

Chains	Polymer	Molecular Function	Biological Process	Cellular Component
A	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoforms short	binding guanyl nucleotide binding GTP binding nucleotide binding guanyl ribonucleotide binding purine ribonucleotide binding purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding nucleoside phosphate binding ion binding organic cyclic compound binding purine nucleotide binding anion binding heterocyclic compound binding carbohydrate derivative binding binding guanyl nucleotide binding GTP binding nucleotide binding guanyl ribonucleotide binding purine ribonucleotide binding purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding nucleoside phosphate binding ion binding organic cyclic compound binding purine nucleotide binding anion binding heterocyclic compound binding carbohydrate derivative binding ribonucleotide binding small molecule binding D1 dopamine receptor binding protein binding signaling receptor binding G protein-coupled receptor binding dopamine receptor binding protein-containing complex binding G-protein beta/gamma-subunit complex binding pyrophosphatase activity GTPase activity G protein activity ribonucleoside triphosphate phosphatase activity molecular function regulator activity hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, in phosphorus-containing anhydrides hydrolase activity hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides catalytic activity enzyme regulator activity cyclase regulator activity enzyme activator activity cyclase activator activity molecular function activator activity adenylate cyclase regulator activity adenylate cyclase activator activity cation binding metal ion binding	developmental process multicellular organismal process epithelium development ectodermal placode morphogenesis epidermis development molting cycle process hair cycle animal organ development hair follicle placode formation tissue development ectodermal placode formation anatomical structure morphogenesis skin development skin epidermis development hair follicle development developmental process multicellular organismal process epithelium development ectodermal placode morphogenesis epidermis development molting cycle process hair cycle animal organ development hair follicle placode formation tissue development ectodermal placode formation anatomical structure morphogenesis skin development skin epidermis development hair follicle development molting cycle anatomical structure development anatomical structure formation involved in morphogenesis ectodermal placode development hair cycle process system process sensory perception of chemical stimulus sensory perception nervous system process sensory perception of smell cellular response to nitrogen compound cellular response to stimulus response to stimulus response to endogenous stimulus response to peptide hormone cellular response to peptide hormone stimulus response to oxygen-containing compound response to nitrogen compound response to glucagon cellular response to oxygen-containing compound cellular response to glucagon stimulus cellular response to endogenous stimulus cellular response to chemical stimulus response to hormone response to chemical cellular process cellular response to hormone stimulus multicellular organism development skeletal system development bone development system development regulation of body fluid levels wound healing homotypic cell-cell adhesion cell activation hemostasis biological regulation platelet aggregation blood coagulation cell adhesion cell-cell adhesion response to stress coagulation regulation of biological quality response to wounding platelet activation cognition developmental growth growth response to ketone response to prostaglandin response to lipid response to alcohol cellular response to prostaglandin stimulus cellular response to prostaglandin E stimulus cellular response to alcohol cellular response to lipid response to prostaglandin E cellular response to ketone regulation of biological process regulation of cellular process signaling adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway cell communication adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway signal transduction homeostatic process positive regulation of biological process adaptive thermogenesis positive regulation of metabolic process multicellular organismal-level homeostasis regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis cold-induced thermogenesis temperature homeostasis positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis positive regulation of multicellular organismal process metabolic process regulation of multicellular organismal process regulation of metabolic process protein localization regulation of localization establishment of protein localization nitrogen compound transport localization cellular macromolecule localization regulation of peptide hormone secretion regulation of hormone levels establishment of protein localization to extracellular region protein secretion establishment of localization regulation of protein secretion regulation of secretion cellular localization regulation of hormone secretion regulation of protein localization regulation of peptide secretion transport hormone secretion protein localization to extracellular region peptide secretion secretion by cell regulation of secretion by cell amide transport signal release regulation of signaling secretion regulation of transport regulation of peptide transport regulation of establishment of protein localization cell-cell signaling export from cell regulation of protein transport peptide transport protein transport regulation of cellular localization regulation of insulin secretion peptide hormone secretion macromolecule localization hormone transport regulation of cell communication insulin secretion adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway adrenergic receptor signaling pathway establishment of localization in cell intracellular transport regulation of defense response regulation of response to external stimulus negative regulation of inflammatory response negative regulation of biological process inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus regulation of response to stress regulation of immune system process negative regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus defense response immune response negative regulation of response to stimulus negative regulation of immune response regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus response to external stimulus regulation of inflammatory response regulation of response to stimulus negative regulation of immune system process immune system process negative regulation of response to external stimulus negative regulation of defense response regulation of immune response inflammatory response positive regulation of adenylate cyclase activity positive regulation of cyclase activity regulation of catalytic activity positive regulation of catalytic activity positive regulation of molecular function regulation of molecular function regulation of lyase activity activation of adenylate cyclase activity regulation of adenylate cyclase activity regulation of cyclase activity positive regulation of lyase activity response to dopamine cellular response to dopamine response to monoamine response to catecholamine adenylate cyclase-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway cellular response to catecholamine stimulus response to organic cyclic compound G protein-coupled dopamine receptor signaling pathway cellular response to organic cyclic compound cellular response to monoamine stimulus renal system process chemical homeostasis multicellular organismal-level water homeostasis multicellular organismal-level chemical homeostasis renal water homeostasis	membrane cellular anatomical entity protein-containing complex extrinsic component of plasma membrane catalytic complex plasma membrane protein complex cytoplasmic side of membrane plasma membrane membrane protein complex heterotrimeric G-protein complex side of membrane cell periphery cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane GTPase complex membrane cellular anatomical entity protein-containing complex extrinsic component of plasma membrane catalytic complex plasma membrane protein complex cytoplasmic side of membrane plasma membrane membrane protein complex heterotrimeric G-protein complex side of membrane cell periphery cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane GTPase complex extrinsic component of membrane extrinsic component of cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane extracellular exosome membrane-bounded organelle extracellular vesicle extracellular organelle extracellular region organelle extracellular space vesicle extracellular membrane-bounded organelle intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm cytosol Golgi apparatus subcompartment Golgi apparatus organelle subcompartment trans-Golgi network membrane intracellular membrane-bounded organelle endomembrane system intracellular organelle trans-Golgi network organelle membrane
B	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1	protein binding binding enzyme binding GTPase binding protein-containing complex binding pyrophosphatase activity GTPase activity ribonucleoside triphosphate phosphatase activity hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, in phosphorus-containing anhydrides hydrolase activity hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides catalytic activity signaling receptor complex adaptor activity protein-macromolecule adaptor activity protein binding binding enzyme binding GTPase binding protein-containing complex binding pyrophosphatase activity GTPase activity ribonucleoside triphosphate phosphatase activity hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, in phosphorus-containing anhydrides hydrolase activity hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides catalytic activity signaling receptor complex adaptor activity protein-macromolecule adaptor activity molecular adaptor activity signaling adaptor activity	multicellular organismal process system process sensory perception of chemical stimulus sensory perception nervous system process sensory perception of taste developmental process sensory organ development eye development animal organ development retina development in camera-type eye visual system development multicellular organism development camera-type eye development multicellular organismal process system process sensory perception of chemical stimulus sensory perception nervous system process sensory perception of taste developmental process sensory organ development eye development animal organ development retina development in camera-type eye visual system development multicellular organism development camera-type eye development anatomical structure development sensory system development system development cell population proliferation cellular process cellular response to stimulus regulation of biological process regulation of cellular process response to stimulus signaling biological regulation signal transduction cell communication response to ketone response to prostaglandin response to lipid response to endogenous stimulus response to alcohol cellular response to prostaglandin stimulus response to oxygen-containing compound cellular response to oxygen-containing compound cellular response to endogenous stimulus cellular response to prostaglandin E stimulus cellular response to chemical stimulus cellular response to alcohol response to hormone response to chemical cellular response to lipid response to prostaglandin E cellular response to ketone cellular response to hormone stimulus small GTPase-mediated signal transduction Ras protein signal transduction intracellular signal transduction intracellular signaling cassette phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway cellular response to nitrogen compound response to dopamine cellular response to dopamine response to monoamine response to catecholamine adenylate cyclase-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway cellular response to catecholamine stimulus response to organic cyclic compound G protein-coupled dopamine receptor signaling pathway cellular response to organic cyclic compound response to nitrogen compound adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway cellular response to monoamine stimulus adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway synaptic signaling cellular response to acetylcholine cell-cell signaling acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway postsynaptic signal transduction G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway response to acetylcholine	membrane cellular anatomical entity protein-containing complex extrinsic component of plasma membrane catalytic complex plasma membrane protein complex cytoplasmic side of membrane plasma membrane membrane protein complex heterotrimeric G-protein complex side of membrane cell periphery cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane GTPase complex membrane cellular anatomical entity protein-containing complex extrinsic component of plasma membrane catalytic complex plasma membrane protein complex cytoplasmic side of membrane plasma membrane membrane protein complex heterotrimeric G-protein complex side of membrane cell periphery cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane GTPase complex extrinsic component of membrane extrinsic component of cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane extracellular exosome membrane-bounded organelle extracellular vesicle extracellular organelle extracellular region organelle extracellular space vesicle extracellular membrane-bounded organelle non-motile cilium 9+0 non-motile cilium cilium neuron projection photoreceptor disc membrane photoreceptor outer segment plasma membrane bounded cell projection cell projection photoreceptor cell cilium organelle membrane intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm cytosol vacuolar membrane lytic vacuole vacuole intracellular membrane-bounded organelle intracellular organelle lytic vacuole membrane bounding membrane of organelle lysosomal membrane lysosome synapse cell junction
C	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2	protein binding binding G-protein beta-subunit binding	fibroblast proliferation cell population proliferation cellular process cellular response to nitrogen compound cellular response to stimulus response to dopamine regulation of cellular process response to stimulus signaling cellular response to dopamine response to monoamine cell communication response to catecholamine adenylate cyclase-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway fibroblast proliferation cell population proliferation cellular process cellular response to nitrogen compound cellular response to stimulus response to dopamine regulation of cellular process response to stimulus signaling cellular response to dopamine response to monoamine cell communication response to catecholamine adenylate cyclase-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway cellular response to catecholamine stimulus signal transduction response to organic cyclic compound regulation of biological process G protein-coupled dopamine receptor signaling pathway cellular response to organic cyclic compound biological regulation response to oxygen-containing compound response to nitrogen compound adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway cellular response to oxygen-containing compound cellular response to chemical stimulus cellular response to monoamine stimulus response to chemical adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway response to ketone response to prostaglandin response to lipid response to endogenous stimulus response to alcohol cellular response to prostaglandin stimulus cellular response to endogenous stimulus cellular response to prostaglandin E stimulus cellular response to alcohol response to hormone cellular response to lipid response to prostaglandin E cellular response to ketone cellular response to hormone stimulus	membrane cellular anatomical entity protein-containing complex extrinsic component of plasma membrane catalytic complex plasma membrane protein complex cytoplasmic side of membrane plasma membrane membrane protein complex heterotrimeric G-protein complex side of membrane cell periphery cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane GTPase complex membrane cellular anatomical entity protein-containing complex extrinsic component of plasma membrane catalytic complex plasma membrane protein complex cytoplasmic side of membrane plasma membrane membrane protein complex heterotrimeric G-protein complex side of membrane cell periphery cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane GTPase complex extrinsic component of membrane extrinsic component of cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane extracellular exosome membrane-bounded organelle extracellular vesicle extracellular organelle extracellular region organelle extracellular space vesicle extracellular membrane-bounded organelle
D [auth N]	Nb35	-	-	-
E [auth R]	Glucose-dependent insulinotropic receptor	cation binding ion binding binding phosphatidylcholine binding phospholipid binding lipid binding quaternary ammonium group binding small molecule binding molecular transducer activity G protein-coupled receptor activity transmembrane signaling receptor activity signaling receptor activity	cellular response to stimulus regulation of biological process regulation of cellular process response to stimulus signaling biological regulation adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway cell communication adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway cellular process signal transduction metabolic process regulation of metabolic process cellular response to stimulus regulation of biological process regulation of cellular process response to stimulus signaling biological regulation adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway cell communication adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway cellular process signal transduction metabolic process regulation of metabolic process protein localization establishment of protein localization cellular localization nitrogen compound transport transport hormone secretion protein localization to extracellular region peptide secretion localization secretion by cell amide transport signal release cellular macromolecule localization regulation of biological quality secretion regulation of hormone levels establishment of protein localization to extracellular region cell-cell signaling export from cell protein secretion establishment of localization peptide transport protein transport peptide hormone secretion macromolecule localization hormone transport insulin secretion	protein-containing complex receptor complex cell periphery plasma membrane membrane cellular anatomical entity intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm

InterPro: Protein Family Classification InterPro Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Type
A	IPR001019	Guanine nucleotide binding protein (G-protein), alpha subunit	Family
A	IPR011025	G protein alpha subunit, helical insertion	Homologous Superfamily
A	IPR027417	P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolase	Homologous Superfamily
A	IPR000367	G-protein alpha subunit, group S	Family
B	IPR019775	WD40 repeat, conserved site	Conserved Site
B	IPR015943	WD40/YVTN repeat-like-containing domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
B	IPR016346	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein, beta subunit	Family
B	IPR036322	WD40-repeat-containing domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
B	IPR001632	G-protein, beta subunit	Domain
B	IPR001680	WD40 repeat	Repeat
B	IPR020472	G-protein beta WD-40 repeat	Repeat
C	IPR015898	G-protein gamma-like domain	Domain
C	IPR001770	G-protein, gamma subunit	Family
C	IPR036284	G-protein gamma-like domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
E [auth R]	IPR000276	G protein-coupled receptor, rhodopsin-like	Family
E [auth R]	IPR028336	Glucose-dependent insulinotropic receptor	Family
E [auth R]	IPR017452	GPCR, rhodopsin-like, 7TM	Domain

Pharos: Disease Associations Pharos Homepage Annotation

Chains	Drug Target	Associated Disease
A	Pharos: P63092	McCune-Albright syndrome progressive osseous heteroplasia pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1A pseudohypoparathyroidism polycystic ovary syndrome acromegaly pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1B cholangiocarcinoma pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism precocious puberty obesity disorder substance withdrawal syndrome pseudohypoaldosteronism ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia 1 neuroblastoma McCune-Albright syndrome progressive osseous heteroplasia pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1A pseudohypoparathyroidism polycystic ovary syndrome acromegaly pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1B cholangiocarcinoma pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism precocious puberty obesity disorder substance withdrawal syndrome pseudohypoaldosteronism ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia 1 neuroblastoma brachydactyly intellectual disability pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1C Tachycardia hypertensive disorder monostotic fibrous dysplasia cancer colorectal cancer intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma endocrine system disease autosomal dominant pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1 sex cord-stromal tumor Cushing disease due to pituitary adenoma adrenal gland cancer growth hormone-producing pituitary gland adenoma pilocytic astrocytoma tuberculosis interstitial cystitis congenital hypothyroidism large cell medulloblastoma Cushing syndrome malignant glioma acquired metabolic disease progressive supranuclear palsy medulloblastoma pseudohypoaldosteronism type 2 ductal breast carcinoma in situ adenoma adrenal gland hyperfunction osteitis fibrosa ovarian cancer atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm with low grade dysplasia bile duct cancer testicular sex cord-stromal neoplasm pituitary cancer craniosynostosis Cushing syndrome due to macronodular adrenal hyperplasia fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva gallstones oligodendroglioma growth hormone secreting pituitary adenoma 1 osteogenesis imperfecta schizophrenia hemorrhagic disease pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous carcinoma Pick disease pituitary gland adenoma congenital anemia invasive ductal breast carcinoma malignant ependymoma cystic fibrosis ACTH-dependent Cushing syndrome pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1 endogenous depression fibrous dysplasia neurofibromatosis type 1 glioblastoma Alzheimer disease osteosarcoma astrocytic tumor pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm autosomal recessive pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1
B	Pharos: P62873	intellectual disability, autosomal dominant 42 melancholia intellectual disability endogenous depression medulloblastoma myopathy ovarian cancer Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia Lymphoma anxiety disorder Sjogren syndrome chronic kidney disease juvenile dermatomyositis lung adenocarcinoma neurotic disorder pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma intellectual disability, autosomal dominant 42 melancholia intellectual disability endogenous depression medulloblastoma myopathy ovarian cancer Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia Lymphoma anxiety disorder Sjogren syndrome chronic kidney disease juvenile dermatomyositis lung adenocarcinoma neurotic disorder pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma subependymal giant cell astrocytoma breast cancer Duchenne muscular dystrophy leukemia, acute lymphocytic, susceptibility to, 1 malignant pancreatic neoplasm myelodysplastic syndrome osteosarcoma plasma cell myeloma rheumatoid arthritis swine influenza childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia depressive disorder
C	Pharos: P59768	pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm pilocytic astrocytoma sarcoidosis ulcerative colitis adrenal cortex carcinoma breast carcinoma Duchenne muscular dystrophy glioblastoma large cell medulloblastoma medulloblastoma ovarian cancer pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm with low grade dysplasia pituitary cancer Sjogren syndrome X-linked mixed deafness with perilymphatic gusher pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm pilocytic astrocytoma sarcoidosis ulcerative colitis adrenal cortex carcinoma breast carcinoma Duchenne muscular dystrophy glioblastoma large cell medulloblastoma medulloblastoma ovarian cancer pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm with low grade dysplasia pituitary cancer Sjogren syndrome X-linked mixed deafness with perilymphatic gusher astrocytic tumor Crohn disease ductal breast carcinoma in situ interstitial cystitis lung carcinoma non-small cell lung carcinoma pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous carcinoma Pick disease primitive neuroectodermal tumor thoracic aortic aneurysm atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor cystic fibrosis Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy invasive ductal breast carcinoma malignant ependymoma osteosarcoma
E [auth R]	Pharos: Q8TDV5	diabetes mellitus type 2 diabetes mellitus

Membrane Protein Annotation: PDBTM PDBTM Database Homepage

Chains	External Link	Comment
A, C, E [auth R]	PDBTM	Annotated as membrane protein by PDBTM

Membrane Protein Annotation: mpstruc mpstruc Database Homepage

Chains	Resource Link	Group	Subgroup	Protein
A, C, E [auth R]	mpstruc	TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEINS: ALPHA-HELICAL	G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Class A	Orphan GPR119 class A receptor - G_s complex with bound AR231453

RCSB PDB Core Operations are funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (DBI-2321666), the US Department of Energy (DE-SC0019749), and the National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant R01GM157729.